Sea Level Decline

Roger Chillingworth husband of Hester Prynne leaves for two years and finds out that she had an affair with the minister Arthur Dimmesdale. Hester kept this a secret for seven years and when Roger found it changed him. In the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne writes about the pain and how that changed Roger. The reader feels the most most sympathy for Roger Chillingworth because of three reasons; he got betrayed by hester, The pain of the betrayal and how it changed Roger, and the way he views himself.

Climate change is affecting humans every day, and yet most of us have found that every region of the globe is affected in some way or another. For us here in San Diego, California, in the Western Hemisphere, on the west coast, United States, North America, that impact is felt mostly with rising sea temperatures and rising sea levels. There are noticeable predictions that by 2050, rising sea levels here will rise as stated: “"At least a 16 inch sea level rise is expected in San Diego, Ca by 2050, with a projected rise of 50% by the turn of the century."

As a result, the local sea level increase stands at an average of 8 inches, which is anticipated to rise. The major cause of this effect is high rate at which the ice is melting uphill and the expansion of seawater because of higher temperatures. The main risk is that the high tides and storm surges can combine with sea level subsidence and lead to increased flooding. In summary, it is clear that the sea level will continue to rise as the ocean waters persist to warm.

According to the American Bar Association, "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has concluded that during the 20th century, sea levels rose some 5-9 inches throughout the world."(Gresham, Imwalle). This not only puts costal communities at risk of losing their homes, but also cause damage to infrastructures worth millions of dollars. The rise of sea level due to climate change has put Bay Area officials hard at work to come up with different plans on how to deal with this in the future.

Global warming has become a very big problem in our world today. It has created everything from bad air quality to water pollution in our world. These are just some of the consequences of global warming. However, I would like to speak on one topic as it regards to global warming. We have now discovered that global warming is causing our polar ice caps to melt thus creating rising sea levels. This has become a very large topic, and many scientists are scrambling to find solutions to stop this problem. If the rising sea level isn’t fixed we will see a massive amount of damage caused to our coasts, and coasts around the world for that matter. The consequences would also be dire for my home state of Florida. Florida is susceptible to rising sea levels because so much of the land is barely above sea level. The consequences in Florida would be detrimental. Consequences of rising sea levels could affect our economy, human quality of life, and the environment.

Sea level rise is another area of concern for scientists and the global community with respect to climate change. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the sea level has risen about 8 in. and continues to rise about 0.14 in. per year (National Climate Association). IPCC has predicted a sea level rise of 1m. (~3.3 ft.) by the end of this century (O‘Rourke), putting small island nations such as the Maldives and at risk of losing their land, as well as cities in the US such as Miami, New Orleans, and New York. Once again, this number may seem insignificant, but when one considers that approximately 5 million people live within 4 ft. of the high tide areas in the United States; and 1 in 10 persons live in low lying coastal areas around the globe, then the numbers illustrate cause for great concern. An estimated 634 million people will be impacted by rising sea levels (Greenfieldboyce) and 1 billion people could be displaced from their homes by 2050 as a result of climate change (O‘Rourke).

coastal cities. The Gulf and southern Atlantic Coast could be possibly be hit hard, cities like Tampa, Miami, New Orleans, and Virginia Beach. Those cities could also lose more than 10% of land by then. With 40.5 million people living in the coastal municipalities, twenty of those cites had more than 300,000 inhabitants. “Impacts from sea-level rise could be erosion, temporary flooding, and permanent inundation.” (Weiss, 2011.) Erosion is when continents are continually losing sediments to the sea, the sediments slowly fill the ocean basin, pushing sea level up. (Mylroie, 2012.) A study was done on the effect of the future sea level rising on the propagation of tides in the Patagonian Shelf. The effect of flooding of low lying areas was studied, the coastal morphological features and the sense of tidal wave propagation in the southern Hemisphere, and inundation does not significantly modify the solution on the Patagonian Shelf, but in the Northern Argentinean Shelf the results are changed. The most important changes to the characteristic of tides can occur when sea level rising. (Clara, 2015.) Studies shows that coastal cities are more vulnerable than others. (Hughes, 2015.) For example, like the Atlantic coast the sea level will rise three to four times faster than global average. “Everything we see shows that, if you look in the past, each increment of warmth seems to correlate with increasingly higher sea level.” (Sumner,

One of the first indicators of global warming when it was first discovered and discussed was the acknowledgment of rising sea levels. In many climate change and apocalypse movies the rising of the ocean is the downfall of the population of the planet. The topic about the rising sea levels was not always indisputable. When the topic of climate change was first brought up it was mostly known as global warming and connected to the greenhouse effect. The notion of oceans raising above sea level was once widely seen as controversial. New York Times articles from 1980s until now show the development of the debate on rising sea levels through time and the the further development of science. There has been a change in The New York Times reporting on the issues of rising sea levels caused by the climate change from doubt about it in the 1980’s to confirmation of the problem in 2010’s.

Rising sea levels have caused tide lines to be increased by approximately 9.15 feet (Freedman, #3). This increase in tide makes all surrounding land very susceptible to damage, if a hurricane was to occur. Since studies show that during normal waters, tides can get this high, there is an approximation that water can reach up to 100 feet of just wave water in the event of a hurricane (Carey, #1). Also, because of global warming, sea levels are expected to rise an additional 2 feet in the next century (Freedman, #4). This is due to the melting of icebergs, ice caps, and arctic snow that eventually ends up in the oceans. With this additional 2 foot rise, coastal waters are expected to hit an all-time high. In addition to the rising of the tides, the actual area of the ocean will expand, causing any coastal industries, neighborhoods, or developments, to be highly susceptible of being underwater by the next century.

This article can effect society in different ways. In a more specific perspective, a rise in sea level will cause a major tragedy in states and cities that are at or below sea level. Furthermore, this can cause hundreds and thousands of deaths due to the heavily populated areas. Places like New York, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Washington D.C., will be underwater. There is also more general effect a rise in sea level can cause.

Adolescence is a difficult time period in a young person’s transition into their later stage of both physical and mental development. Mood disorders are often overlooked during this time for the brain becoming more developed; however among children, anxiety disorders seem to be the most common disorders to be experienced (Nelson; Israel, pg 112). Barlow (2002) defines anxiety as a future-oriented emotion that is characterized by the inability to be in control and predict future events that can be potentially dangerous to the individual. Anxiety shares commonalities with fear, but the difference between the two being that fear is the initial response made from a present threat, where anxiety is due to a unknown future event. A common

The rising of Sea-Level’s is one of the major issues being focused on today. There have been several instances of impacts of the seas rising, in which certain locations could be submerged, disappear, flood more frequently. The rising of the seas is what causes for the presence of Coastal Resilience. The reason for this lies within the people.

The rising sea levels are associated with almost every region of the U.S., besides those on tectonic plates or landlocked regions. According to the report, most regions have a large majority of their gross domestic product, GDP, and population living in costal counties. This is a problem for areas like the South East which has thirty six percent of it’s inhabitants living on the coast and thirty three percent of its GDP coming from its coasts. “In Florida, because of the porous limestone on which the major southern cities are built, even modest sea level rise comes at a significant economic cost.”1 Within the next half a century it reasonable to assume, based on the evidence from the report, that between fifteen and twenty three billion dollars of existing property in the South East will be submerged by the rising sea levels. Furthermore, there is a “1-in-100 chance that more than $682 billion in property will

Decades of research suggest that sea-levels are rising, and will continue to rise as a result of climate change. This rise will have the most immediate and significant impact on

Abstract—Sea level rise due to change in climate is a severe global threat; Flooding, storm surges, and other consequences of the rise in ocean water level have a widespread adverse effects on coastal cities across the globe. Consistent rise in ocean levels have occurred throughout the world for thousands of years. The data from tide gauge observations and global satellite imagery, assisted us to determine the rates and causes of rise in sea-level. On analyzing the data, it affirms the need for long-term reliable observation to estimate accurately the regional changes furthermore to improve our ability to estimate the future changes in ocean levels. Even if the best preventive measures are taken, ocean levels will continue to rise for many decades to come, due to the large time ranges associated with the climatic evolution even if the temperature rise is stabilized. Information from various scientific studies is requried to understand sea level rise (SLR), this review emphasizes the problems and consequences this rise in sea level is creating by projecting the Ocean water levels in the future under the present global conditions.