Sears Tower Structure

Now thats hard work and detication. The article states, "The engineers worked throughout the winter measuring, designing, and drawing." This took a lot of hard work to complete the building by spring. This is why intelligence and pysical strength is such an imortant roll in working together to create something big and by being able to get it done in time.

One of the innovations was the construction of skyscrapers. Before steel was used, a skyscraper was only considered four to five stories tall and was made out of stone. Very little light was able to get into the building because the structure would become unsafe if too many windows were put in. This made the building very dark, cold and damp. In 1885, with the innovation of steel, the first skyscraper, The Home Insurance Building, was built in Chicago, Illinois. This building paved the way for architects around the country to build taller and stronger skyscrapers into today’s times.

Industrial buildings and warehouse buildings because of the ability to create large span spaces at a low cost

Rome with there favorite architecture shape, the arch, are both still very much used in the

Construction on The Empire State Building began on October 1, 1929 just a few weeks before the biggest stock market crash in United States history. On September 9, 1930, Al Smith the former Governor of New York, marked the spot of the cornerstone of what would become the worlds tallest and the century’s best building. That day Smith gave a speech to a crowd of over five thousand, which included mostly workers in hopes of a job on the upcoming project. The Empire State Building opened its doors just eight months later on Friday, May 1, 1931. For a country in midst of a great depression The Empire State Building was a symbol of hope in dark times and showed that Americans would persevere even in a

Believe it or not, skyscrapers have only been around since the the late 1880’s. The main reason for this was because the materials used to build buildings at the time could not support the weight of a skyscraper. If people wanted to build taller buildings, they had to use stronger materials that could withstand the weight of the building and keep it from collapsing. At the time, that material was steel, but there was a problem; steel was not mass produced at the time. This made it financially unethical to build with, the price of steel only began to drop after Andrew Carnegie created his steel business. Andrew Carnegie helped strengthen the American economy turning it into a world power by learning from his poverty when he was younger, starting his steel business which provided the world an important resource for the development of industry, taking advantage of workers to maximize profit, and devoting his later life to philanthropy.

were very poor, but somehow, many architectural feats were being made. The U.S. Government was still building the greatest dam in the world before the Depression, the Hoover Dam, which lasted five years to build. It takes a lot of manpower and materials for the Government to build this great dam, so they hired contractors to build it and the The U.S. provides the materials. Men of six companies were hired to build the dam in 7 years or penalties will ensue; the men were called, Six Companies, Inc. Remarkably, the contractors banded together to build the dam because of the immense size of the structure, one contractor cannot do the task alone (America's Experiences). The Dams magnificent feat in becoming USA’s greatest dam inspired the same contracting firm to work on a certain bridge in the west (Hiktzik). During the time Hoover Dam was being constructed, out in the west, another architectural feat was occurring. In 1933 San Francisco, California, construction starts on what will soon to be one of America’s greatest landmarks, The Golden Gate Bridge. One of the bridges architects, Joseph B. Strauss, a man who built many bridges across the U.S., was involved in the bridge project. Strauss and his colleagues had to deal with many problems about the bridge such as people saying it had to be impossible or it was expensive and a hazard to the environment (History.com). Once the bridge was funded with thirty-five million dollars,

The Water Tower was first constructed in 1876 and designed by architect William W. Boyington with the purpose of being a water pumping system for the then small town. This water system pumped water from Lake Michigan’s intake bins into the tower where it was cleaned, however this process was stopped right before the turn of the century due to pollution of the water. The water tower is made out of large limestone bricks, which made it the last surviving building during the Great Chicago Fire. The water tower is significant because it shows the strength Chicago has as a unite, under great stress.

More buildings were built with different shapes inspired by Louis Sullivan and Frank

The National Cathedral took about 83 years to build and has been astonishing ever since. It is hard to believe that something has taken that long to be built and was designed almost 100 years ago!

Thirdly, both projects took multiple decades from conception to realization. The Great Pyramid of Giza is believed to have taken between 20 to 30 years to construct. The amount of stone that was laid in the span of the project indicates that one stone was set roughly every three minutes (Grimault, 2010). The CA/T Project also took 25 years to complete including the planning stages, bids for federal funding, and actual development (Hall, 2006). These multidecadal timelines serve to demonstrate that megastructures require vast amounts of forethought and patience to bring separate systems together as a whole.

Some of the important clients that participated in the Preparation and construction of the “Freedom Tower” include multiple Engineering firms, architects, construction mangers, and numerous Cad Technicians for modeling. All major clients are portrayed in Figure 2- Table of Major Clients.

“The idea was to incorporate a building that could be easily be built and taken down both constructively and economically. Most ideas involved a long, one-story building made of brick. The problem was that it looked far too solid difficult to remove later and it might be even harder to light- not to mention that it probably could not be built in time. Further debates and redrafting delayed the project even further.” (1)

Both the SaltWorks at Arc-et-Senans and The Tower Eifel in Paris, France, share similarities in which they were constructed to provide a specific function. Furthermore, both monuments are considered to have been influenced by the style of their respected times. I express, that even though these two monuments share a similar past, they both have been swayed to leap beyond their intended design and have adapted to become more than they were originally intended to be; both functional and metaphysical in their meanings. For example, The SaltWorks at Arc-et-Senans intention was meant to be factory to produce salt. It’s function and meaning later transform from being just a factory to instill the ideology of the Enlighten Age. This Enlightenment age is

Today technology allows us to construct structures that we would never have been able to make in the past. Some of the creations are impressive based on what they accomplish but others are masterpieces in themselves. Man’s capability to build such tall buildings, as the skyscrapers we are familiar with covering our cities today, is a major expression of the advancements we have made as a culture. The power necessary to build such tall structures inspired competition between architects to see who could build the tallest one. One skyscraper that has inspired many and served as a model, for high rise buildings that were created after, is the Chrysler Building. The Chrysler Building serves as an identifying mark to anyone that