Sebw Case Studies

According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2016), preterm birth are the birth that happened before 37 ended weeks of pregnancy and is one of the number reason of newborn deaths and the second prominent cause of deaths in children below five. The preterm babies have chances of an amplified risk of illness, disability and death. In the first weeks, the complications of premature birth may include: breathing problems, heart problems, brain problems, temperature control problems, gastrointestinal problems, blood problems, metabolism problems, immune system problems. Long-term complications includes cerebral palsy, impaired cognitive skills, vision problem, hearing problems, dental problems, behavioral and psychological problems, chronic health issues.

Preterm infants are predisposed to various diseases and instabilities. Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the many. NEC is a progressive inflammatory disease, which leads to tissue damage and ischemia of the GI tract of many preterm infants, often resulting in death. Continued deaths and complications embrace the need for a change in practice, to reduce NEC incidence and risk. Various trials have been conducted, with focus on probiotic supplementation as an intervention in decreasing the risk of developing NEC in preterm infants. Taking this intervention into consideration; in infants born preterm, with a very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) (P), how does the

According to Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, “In the United States, nearly thirteen percent of babies are born preterm, and many of these babies also have a low birth weight.” The baby may be put into the NICU for varies reasons. However, the most common reason that a child is put into the NICU is because he or she is

UCM:CPSW received an email from Dr. Verna reporting that Ms. Berner completed 10 out of 12 sessions. She took responsibility to attend class and arrived on time. Ms. Berner contributed thoughtfully to group discussion, sharing personal insights into the altercation with her former partner, and expressed a sincere desire to never allow herself to lose control in a relationship again. Also, Dr. Verna reported that Ms. Berner was highly supportive of her peers in every way. Also, Berner graduated from group on 12/15/16.

When Amelia was born she was 4 weeks premature and underweight (4 and a half pounds). Amelia would get hungry more often than what the prenatal pamphlets said, “every one to two hours” (My Virtual Child, 2014). Within her 3 week, she was lethargic, and wasn't gaining much weight because she wouldn’t eat. She would cry after every meal and had problems with diarrhea and ingestion. So we started giving her solid foods by the time she was 3 months, as well as breastfeeding. Even after we switched, she was still having problems with indigestion and diarrhea by the time she was 8 months. She was also catching colds a lot. Based on the website, “Babies who are born closer to 32 weeks (just over 7 months) may not be able to eat, breathe, or stay warm on their own. But after these babies have had time to grow, most of them can leave the hospital” (eMedicineHealth, 2017). Since Amelia is a preterm baby, it might be the reason why it she’s

AAs have a 77% higher risk than most other ethnic groups, and are almost more than twice as likely to be hospitalized from diabetes and ultimately succumb to the diabetic complications (Chow). Many of these numbers are predominately made up of men and leads to the AAWs to being a highly understudied group. The AAW group is known to have high rates of obesity, chronic health conditions that have been exacerbated by weight (i.e. DM, CVD, and some forms of cancer), along with poor health and dietary behaviors. Many researchers have found that the increase in abdominal obesity has been closely associated with increased cardiovascular risk (Laffin). CVD is still one of the leading causes of death within the AAW group, and despite a downward trend of CVD related death in the United States, the AAW group still sees it as the leading cause of death with the highest mortality rates (Hill). Many associate this disparity among AAW with a serious lack of education in the socio-economic aspect of life in the AA community. Several groups have studied the how educating the AAW community about pre-diabetic, diabetic, and nutritional health impacts the likelihood of disease development though numerous community interventions.

Being knowledgeable with infant nutrition is important, it just simply means that you’re on board with making sure your baby is getting enough nutrients during his first year of life. These nutrients are calories that are made up of protein, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Making sure your baby has good nutrition can help him stay healthy and protect him against risk of any diseases. Although, every infant is different, your baby may need more or less of the items in each food group as he continues to grow and develop. For instance, did you know that the only recommended nourishment an infant should be receiving at the age of 0-3 months old and until they are 4-6 months old is through breast milk or infant formula? This is important to know because anything other than breast milk or formula at this infant age can hinder their development and growth. Once an infant reaches 4-6 months old, rice infant cereal should be the only grain suggested and introduced, along with pureed fruit, at approximately 1/4-1/2 cup per serving. In addition, giving an infant extra water for hydrating purposes is not necessary during the ages 0-5 months; because most infants get the water they need from breast milk, formula, or juices. However, it is recommended that an infant at 6-9 months of age, and as he/she is more active and able to sit up on his/her own, should begin to decrease the amount in formula and

Healthy term infants are able to dictate their frequency of feeding and the amount of milk intake. This is primarily dictated by the infant's appetite. Preterm infants, on the other hand, may not typically be able to dictate the frequency and amount of milk intake. In most instances, preterm infants are fed at scheduled intervals and making use of prescribed milk volumes. The main reason behind scheduled feeding, without regard for the child's sleep or hunger status, is the concern about the infant's metabolic, neurodevelopmental, as well as gastrointestinal, maturity. However, it is evident that preterm infants are also capable of self-regulating their milk intake. While hunger cues may be difficult to detect in preterm infants, there is sufficient evident for mothers and caregivers to identify and respond to such cues. This paper will examine and analyze the experience of policy development on cue-based feeding in preterm infants. Cue-based feeding is a formidable feeding strategy in preterm infants (Chang & Chen, 2004).

Premature newborns have an increased risk of complications because their bodies still have underdeveloped parts such as the lungs, digestive system, immune system, and skin. Thus, promoting oxygenation, nutrition, and fluid balance, maintaining thermal regulation, resuscitation and transferring the newborn to NICU unit will help the child to get better (Ricci el., 2017, pg. 887).

However, it can decrease supply, which means the infant gets less to eat and is then fussy due to hunger on an even shorter time frame

found that many patients experience feeding problems from gastroesophageal-reflux caused by a hiatal hernia - possibly associated with surgical repair of gastroschisis6. Due to loss of intestine from dysmotility, patients may suffer from short-bowel syndrome which can require extensive Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)6. Other potential complications with nutritional implications can include necrotizing enterocolitis or post-operative ileus6-7. Traditionally, the infant is first started on TPN and then advanced to enteral feedings once GI function starts to normalize and there is minimal gastric drainage is observed6-7. However, there is no standard protocol for assessing gastric residuals and introducing

The initiation of breastfeeding remains a national initiative in order to improve neonatal outcomes, this is especially true for the preterm infant. Obstetricians, midwives, neonatologists, and nurses can take the opportunity when presented with an impending preterm delivery to educate the parents (particularly the mother) of the significance of providing her infant with human milk (HM), predominantly in the first two weeks of life. The following research studies present evidence of a decrease in morbidities, specifically necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (Bigger et al., 2014; Sisk, Lovelady, Dillard, Gruber, & O’Shea, 2007).

Similarly, birth triggers a major transformation in nutritional pathways and metabolism of the newborn. At a time when nutritional needs are high (per unit body weight higher than at any other time after birth) the newborn must abruptly begin to swallow, digest, and absorb a variety of complex proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. No longer are readily available simple substrates provided by the mother via the placenta.

The first years of life are the most crucial years for brain, immune system and overall physiological development. This is why, it is extremely important to achieve optimal nutrition standards in these early years. Studies have shown that having optimum nutrition in infancy can lead to profound benefits throughout the lifespan of the person. Breastfeeding is extensively recommended, as the best way to achieve the

was also a retrospective study and the infants were divided into three groups and a significant decrease in the incidence of NEC was observed when preterm infants were fed exclusive human milk when compared with infants that were supplemented with banked human milk and the third group received only preterm formula. The study by Sullivan et al. was an experimental design with comparisons as the infants were divided into three groups depending on the milk they were receiving and the sample size was set for 69 infants per group to increase the strength of the study. Meinzen-Derr et al. conducted an analytical study of extreme preterm infants and the study was a randomized controlled trial and the results were categorized according to whether the infants received only human milk, only preterm formula , both or parenteral nutrition with less of human milk. Those infants who received more human milk in the first two weeks of life had better survival rate and were free of NEC. All the above studies establishes that in preterm infants less than 37 weeks gestation human milk or banked donor milk reduces the incidence of necrotizing