Second Order Information

Science plays a major role in assisting archaeologists and researchers reconstruct the past. In the case of Ötzi, scientific research resulted in magnificent findings and continues to make great finds and extract evidence from the body and the equipment found with it.

If you were a forensic anthropologist and were studying human remains, what information would you look for in the bones? Why would this information be helpful?

The scientists, archeologists, and historians must use science to reveal all of the answers. If it weren't for science many mysteries would still remain about the findings at the historical sites visited in this book. Written in Bone was an enjoyable read hidden with science sprinkled on every

     Understanding the Cultural differences can lead one to understand Bone from a new perspective. Expectations of difficulty for the women in the book are much more prevalent and the children’s unstable home environment can be understood. Views of

On his journey, Macfarlane follows Anne Campbell’s suggestion, an archaeologist, and cartographer, about walking barefoot. He recalls he was able to feel the “changes of habitat underfoot: the different plants that populated each zone according to the available light, and the different temperature of the leaf-litter.”(158) when walking barefoot, as the skin of the foot touches the skin of the land and enjoy the beauty of nature. He also claims that the “resin” under his foot not only cover the memory but also act as “a sampler of the

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze and question the role of forensic anthropologist portrayed through the television show “Bones” to the real world. (Wood, 2014a) The significance of evaluating the episode of “Bones” is to understand and compare the real world verse the role of forensic anthropologist portrait in the episode “The He in the She”.(Smith, 2014). The comparison of the real world verse the show, allows us to have a deeper understanding of the forensic anthropologist role, by evaluating the methods found in the episode.

One morning a couple was out jogging when they stumbled upon human remains. A decision was made to bring in the forensic anthropologist team. To bring light to this mysterious death several things had to occur. Firstly the forensic team had to analyze features of bone to determine as much as possible, that includes; the person’s gender, ethnic origin, age, and height.

When a person dies, the natural forces of decomposition cause for the soft tissue to breakdown and ultimately disappear over time. If enough time has gone by, any soft tissue evidence present at the time of death will also have disappeared. Once this has occurred, it is up to forensic anthropologists to analyze the skeletal remains for evidence of trauma in order to help the forensic pathologist assign a cause and manner of death to this individual. The task is complicated by the similarities between antemortem and perimortem injuries, the presence of skeletal anomalies, as well as the postmortem changes that can occur when skeletal remains are exposed to the elements of nature.

Analysis of osteoarthritis for each site was conducted in order to determine whether any of the joint changes in the skeletal remains might indicate changes in physical activity levels before and after colonization. To better ascertain the differences in the colonial eras, the prehistoric burials from Corinth and Apollonia were separated from the colonial periods. Even though every site has individuals of indeterminate sex only a comparison between those individuals for whom sex could be reasonably estimated was done.

The purpose of this paper is to better inform the readers what stress markers are and what they are able to tell an anthropologist about a person. The reason that this is important is that it can help identify specific traits of how the person lived their life and a potential understanding of their work. In reading this paper you will hopefully have a better understanding how sex, age, and lifestyles can influence stress markers on bones of the shoulder joints.

In 1991, two hikers were traveling along the border between Austria and Italy when they noticed a “brown, leathery shape protruding from the ice” (Rodgers, 1). Taking a closer look, the hikers realized that the shape was actually that of a body. Archaeologists looked more into this “mystery” body and discovered one of the greatest archaeological finds of all time; They found a 5,000 year old corpse of a man well preserved. This was like hitting the jackpot to most scientists because using modern technology, they could uncover more mysteries about the neolithic revolution, and advance their knowledge on this specific topic.

“Sometimes,” said Dr. Stedman, “it can take years to construct an exhibit.” “Wow”! Said Lilla as she watched Dr. Stedman work on a brontosaurus skeleton. “First we have to clean and repair the bones,” he said. “Do you mean you glue broken ones back together,” asked Lilla. “Yes they we make plaster replacements for any bones that are missing,” he replied. “We have to put steel rods inside the bones so they Don’t collapse” he added. “It seems like doing a jigsaw puzzle,” said Lilla. “That’s true,” he said. “It’s like doing the biggest puzzle in the world.”

It is difficult enough to interpret words accurately, in fact, there are no doubt more misinterpreted messages than not (Cherney and Tynan, 1990). When the element of nonverbal is incorporated, the rate of misinterpretations increases dramatically (Elgin, 1980).

There are many factors involved in the determination of perimortem trauma time in both forensic pathology and forensic anthropology. This is critical information when it comes to legal issues or the interpretation of prehistoric bone fractures. There is an extensive difference in fracture properties that depend both on the time that has passed since death, and the type of environment where the specimen has been exposed after death.

It benefits a forensic anthropologist because it can narrow down the search. Daily habits can show up in the bones. If a person sits for long periods of times, they’re hip bones will grow differently than somebody who usually squats. Their career can also appear on the bones. A construction worker—or any job that requires lifting—would have large muscle attachments. Smooth muscle attachments establish that the person had a job with meager physical activity. A child who was poor or neglected would exhibit bones that have stopped growing for periods of