Secondary Hypogonadism

The motive of this paper is to present a analysis of current research on polycystic ovary syndrome more commonly known as PCOS. Pcos is one the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, affecting 5-10% of the population. Despite it's prevalence, pcos remains largely unknown. The main focus of this paper will be explaining what PCOS is, the causes, the diagnosis and the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome.

The condition Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is the most common of endocrine disruptions within women of reproductive ages. The disorder does affect as much as 10% of women within this reproductive lifecycle. The clinical and biochemical features of the condition are diverse and are as follows: fertility disruption, overweight/obesity, irregularities in menstruation (frequent, absent, sporadic) insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (Jeanes &Hart &Smith & Barr, 2009). The exact aetiology of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unknown but does involve both environmental influencers and genetic factors. In summery Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine condition associated with metabolic dysfunction, infertility, and hyperandrogenism. Treatment for PCOS includes diet and lifestyle changes in order to promote a healthy body mass index (BMI) and further reduce hyperinsulinaemia (a symptom of the condition). Medications such as metformin/Glucophage might be utilized for management of the presenting symptoms. PCOS symptoms at present-day can only be managed and no cure for Polycystic ovary syndrome available. (Jeanes &Hart &Smith & Barr, 2009).

The procedure of uterine transplantation is very promising. It presents hope to women who have none. The issue is not that the hope is a bad thing, the issue stems from the desire for nonmalefice mentioned earlier. Dr. Caplan states that for many women there exists a therapeutic misconception. The misconception is that the uterus transplant will work (682). According to Catanos el al., research shows that patients pursuing innovative surgery tend to focus so much on apparent benefits that the procedure may bestow that they fail to fully comprehend the risks associated with this procedure. At this point, all transplants of this sort are experimental, and there is no guarantee that the transplanted organ will result in a viable

The hormones that the ovaries produce are estrogen and progesterone, which are mandatory for healthy reproduction. Also the hormone androgen plays a role in the regulation of normal ovarian function. Androgen is the male hormone but it is very important in a woman’s reproductive health. Androgen becomes a problem in the woman when too much is produced and stops ovulation. A woman is born with all the eggs she will ever have for the rest of her life. At the time of ovulation, the egg develops and is called a follicle. In those follicles, a small amount of fluid is starting to gather. If the egg goes into full maturity and ovulation happens, the follicle will become enlarged. Each month during the normal ovarian cycle some follicles will begin to develop but never make it to ovulation.

A patient with low estrogen has difficulty absorbing calcium in the bone. That will cause the bone to be brittle predisposing the women to fracture. Soy and soy products act like estrogen hormone. Monitor the patient for two months, and then six months checking the therapeutic effect of the medication. Check the blood pressure to evaluate cardiovascular disease. Monitor the patient electrolyte, and liver function every three to six months on methyltestosterone. Teach patient self-breast examination. An annual breast examination and mammogram to assess for lumps. Check patient height to screen for development of osteoporosis. The patient should have a bone density test to screen for osteoporosis. If there’s vaginal bleeding beyond one year, evaluate for endometrial biopsy by Pap smear according to the recommend guidelines. Discontinuing of medication should be clarified with the practitioner. Instruct patient to avoid smoking, caffeine, simple carbohydrates, avoid alcoholic beverage, and keep abreast of the menstrual period. “The patient must be provided with detail information on the risks and benefits of therapy and other options available” (Arcangelo & Peterson,

One of the symptoms of Klinefelter Syndrome is infertility. Infertility is “The persistent inability to achieve conception and produce an offspring” (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002). There are many options when it comes to treating infertility or hypogonadism, one of the options for treating hypogonadism is seeking treatment from a reproductive endocrinologist and infertility physician. Research states that males with Klinefelter Syndrome were considered infertile until the year 1996. Fifty percent of males with Klinefelter Syndrome

Dr. F. Albright and Dr. H. F. Klinefelter were two endocrinologists working at Boston Massachusetts General Hospital in 1942 that were examining nine adult males that ranged in age from 17 to 38. They were all experiencing common symptoms that were unusual to say the least. These symptoms seemed to manifest during their adolescent years and they were described as having bilateral gynecomastia, unusually small testicles, aspermatatogensis, increased follicle stimulating hormone levels or FSH and decreased 17-ketosteriod levels. (Visootsak, Aylstock, & Graham, 2001, p.2) Dr. Albright discussed and encouraged Dr. Klinefelter to gather information and organize a case study involving all nine men to help determine the underlying cause of why

Women with Turner Syndrome need estrogen replacement therapy to properly develop their breast, bones, and menstruation. Most girls with Turner syndrome will not complete menstruation; those who do complete puberty experience premature ovarian failure, so the majority of women need estrogen from puberty through menopause. Becoming pregnant without reproduction therapy is very rare and usually only one-percent becomes pregnant.

Hypogonadism is the reduced gonadal production of testosterone in males. There are numerous possible causes of this condition, and many

It is regularly found in relationship with atypical endometrial hyperplasia, which is thought to be a forerunner injury. Sort II endometrial diseases, are thought to be estrogen autonomous, happening in more seasoned ladies, with high-review histologist, for example, uterine papillary serous or clear cell. (http://emedicine.medscape.com)

The main effects are a reduction of testosterone hormone in men and estrogen hormone in women. A decrease of these crucial hormones in the reproductive health can trigger infertility in males and females. There are two main therapies to treat the condition namely:

This topic is of interest because of the unfamiliarity of hormones as women age and outpatient options available for women with abnormal

A quarter of female infertility is caused by a problem with their ovulation, normally, each month an egg matures within its own follicle in the ovary and is released into the fallopian tube. This process of ovulation is the fertile time of the menstrual cycle. There are many reasons for female infertility, the one cause of infertility is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This is a complex condition in which a woman’s ovaries are usually bigger than the average size. “Polycystic means the ovaries have many cysts or follicles that rarely grow to maturity or produce eggs capable of being fertilised. This can affect up to a third of women, as polycystic ovaries can be seen on an ultrasound, but they do not all have PCOS.” (Better Health, 2015)

In 1942, Fuller Albright first described POI when he reported a syndrome of amenorrhea, estrogen deficiency, and menopausal FSH levels in young women [2]. Subsequent investigators used the terms premature menopause, primary or premature ovarian failure and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism or amenorrhea. However, since half of the women with POI have intermittent ovarian function and also the terms premature ovarian failure and premature menopause are more stigmatizing, Albright’s original terminology is considered more accurate and hence the term POI is currently used. Based on a retrospective chart review of 1858 women with normal female karyotype, POI affects 1 in 10,000 US women by age 20 years, 1 in 1000 by age 30 years, and 1 in 100 by age

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by hyperinsulinemia, hyperandrogenism, and hirsutism. Hyperinsulinemia, in particular, facilitates excess weight gain and excess central abdominal adiposity in not all, but many women afflicted with this condition. In addition, PCOS increases the risk for cardiovascular complications, development of type 2 diabetes and significant insulin resistance, and increases the risk for metabolic syndrome (1,2). Infertility is an additional complication associated with this complex, multi-faceted endocrine disorder.