Section 11 : The Nervous System

22. The part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement is called the cerebellum.

The cortex, also called gray matter, is the most external layer of the brain and predominantly contains neuronal bodies (the part of the neurons where the DNA-containing cell nucleus is located). The gray matter participates actively in the storage and processing of information. An isolated clump of nerve cell bodies in the gray matter is termed a nucleus (to be differentiated from a cell nucleus). The cells in the gray matter extend their projections, called axons, to other areas of the brain.

According to Carlson (YEAR), neuron (nerve cell) is defined as,” the information-processing and information-transmitting element of the nervous system”. The shape and variety will depend on the specialized job they perform. The majority of neurons have in common in one form or another, the four structures or regions: the cell body or soma, axon, dendrites; and terminal buttons. The soma or the cell body contains the nucleus which regulates all cell activity. Dendrites is derived from the Greek work Dendron, for tree, because they resemble trees. The dendrite is attached to the cell body of the neuron which receives information and

45.Cerebellum: the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; processes sensory input and coordinates movement output and balance.

Continuing on we as a class learned about the spinal cord, which is a column of nerves lining our back, as well as the central nervous system, which is the human body’s main processing unit. Chapter two focuses primarily on these two aspects of the body. The central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord, the brain, hindbrain, and midbrain are in charge of the senses. Hearing and sight for example are dealt with in the forebrain. The nervous system includes many different working pieces that control the body. Such as Dendrites; these are the hairs on the neurons. Ions have both negative and positive neurons which each has three, included with the soma in the cell body. Axon is the long tube of it, and the terminal button is the end of the tube.

The midbrain is located above the pons. The midbrain has an area called the substantia nigra which holds different nuclei. The midbrain is responsible for the body 's movement that is not covered by the cerebellum. The neurotransmitter dopamine, that produced by

Nerve cells are made up of things called neurons, the cell body of the neuron has a long tinny axon that is covered by something called a myelin sheath, the axons are what pass the information from neuron to neuron and other cells in the body. The axons have a cover to protect them called myelin, this is what allows the brain and spinal cord to communicate with each other (Lindhom, 2014).

The end of the axon spread into some shorter fibers that have swellings on the ends called synaptic knobs. The synaptic knob has a number of little saclike structures in it called synaptic vesicles. Inside the synaptic vesicles are chemicals hung in fluid, which are molecules of substances called neurotransmitters which are inside a neuron and are going to transmit a message. Neurotransmitter are released into the synapse from synaptic vesicles. The neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptor sites on the releasing neuron and the second neuron or glands or even muscles causing a reaction.

The spinal cord and the brain are the main parts of the central nervous system. The spinal cord is aligned from the base of the brain, through the back, which allows the body to move and have sensation. The spinal cord contains dendrites, supporting cells, and axons, long nerve fibers, that attach to the brain to carry out messages. The axons have sheaths of insulation called myelin and the dendrites receive signals from other dendrites. Dendrites actually make

The nervous system operates using an electrochemical process (see Video Clip: The Electrochemical Action of the Neuron). An electrical charge moves through the neuron itself and chemicals are used to transmit information between neurons. Within the neuron, when a signal is received by the dendrites, is it transmitted to the soma in the form of an electrical signal, and, if the signal is strong enough, it may then be passed on to the axon and then to the terminal buttons. If the signal reaches the terminal buttons, they are signaled to emit chemicals known as neurotransmitters, which communicate with other neurons across the spaces between the cells, known as synapses.

Neurons have a part called the dendrites and this is where the neuron fires a correct impulse to another neuron through the axon. Axon is a long projection that connects nerve cells.

fibres. Nerve cells are grouped together to form grey matter, which is found at the periphery of the

Whereas the spinal cord (often referred to as the brainstem) is the pathways that enables nerve impulses to reach their various destinations in the body. The central nervous system main function is to receive information from the different parts of the body, in which must be analysed and stored in order for it to send out instructions based on those pieces of information. The central nervous system’s main function is to coordinate the numerous organs and muscles required to perform the individual’s desired action(s) (Walker, 2005).

Even though the brain is the major control center if the body, its job would not be possible without the spinal cord. The spinal cord is the major organ that helps information travel between the body and the brain. Nerves branch in the peripheral system from, either the brain stem or spinal cord, each nerve attaches to a specific area of the torso and limbs it 's responsible for communication to and from those regions. There are three very important

The cortex consists of four sections, called "lobes". The frontal lobe is connected to reasoning, planning, speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving. The parietal lobe is associated with balance, recognizing, and movement. The occipital lobe is associated with vision. The temporal lobe is connected to hearing, memory, and speech. The cortex is highly wrinkled, making the brain more convenient, as this increases the brain's surface area, giving it more room for neurons. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres- the left hemisphere, and the right hemisphere. The right hemisphere is associated with creativity, and the left one is linked with logic. A bundle of nerve fibers, known as the corpus callosum connects these "hemispheres" (Brain Structures and their Functions). The cerebellum, which is also known as the "little brain", is similar to the cerebrum, since it also has two hemispheres and a highly folded surface. This part of the brain is linked with movement and balance. The cerebellum is assumed to be older than the cerebrum "evolutionarily" (Brain Structures and Their Functions). The brain stem controls basic life functions such as blood pressure, breathing, and heartbeat. Scientists say that the brain stem is the simplest part of the brain (Brain Structures and Their Functions).