Seedling Research Paper

I learned that each individual section of the plant/flower structure has its own use. The petals of a flower are used to attract insects or smaller animals while the anther produces pollen. The pollen that is produced by the anther is carried by insects or animals to the pistil of another flower where it may fertilize the eggs.

Before plants can begin to grow with a shoot arising through the soil, they must go through the process of germination (“Starting to Grow”). Germination “is the process by which a dormant seed begins to sprout and grow into a seedling under the right growing conditions” (“Germination”). These growing conditions needed in order for seeds to start germination are water, appropriate temperature, and a sufficient location (“Starting to Grow”). While the seeds are in this first stage of growth, they solely rely on the food supplies they have preserved in the seed called the endosperm (“Starting to Grow”; Beal). This food source is used by the seedling until it is grown and has leaves to receive sunlight and produce food on its own through photosynthesis (“Starting to Grow”). Germination includes seeds pushing “down into the soil to anchor the new plant and to absorb water and minerals from the soil” (“Starting to Grow”). The stem of the plant grows up towards the sunlight and eventually breaks through the surface of the earth to begin its life above soil (“Starting to Grow”). This concludes the process of germination for the seedling.

No sprout emerged from the seed 2. The color of the seed

Germination is the stage of plant growth through which a seed becomes a seedling plant. First, the seed begins to absorb water and the radicle root emerges from the seed coat and into the water. Then, the primary roots grow, the cotyledons move above ground, the stem begins to grow, and leaves develop. The process is complete when the first leaves open and the cotyledons fall off (The Learning Garden 2001).

a. sepals- Sepals are in charge of protecting the flower’s bud before it blooms. It has the qualities of a leave and is usually in

3. What is an important function of the petals? The important function of petals is to attract insects and mammals.

According to The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, flowers, regardless of their diversity, all have a sole function; to reproduce (2017). There are two main organs that are involved in reproduction: the stamens and pistils. The stamen has spore cases (microsporangia) in which numerous microspores (potential pollen grains) can be developed. Fertilization can only occur through pollination; when the pollen grains from the anther is transferred to the stigma of a pistil. The two main types of pollination are self pollination and cross pollination. Self pollination also referred to as autogamy, is when a flower can fertilize itself because it has both female and male reproductive system. The most common type of pollination, however, is cross pollination. In cross pollination, a flower is

Germination of a seed is the process Germination is the process when a plant grows from a seed. The seed stores the embryo until the conditions for germination are met. When the seed is placed in sustainable environmental conditions its embryo will grow and burst through its coating. The seed coat protects the seed before germination begins. This is important when the seed is in dormancy- the state of the seed being prevented from starting the germination process due to environmental conditions that may affect the chances of the seed growing. Germination takes

It also functions as transportation for minerals and food to the other parts, much like how Mama conveys her strength and wisdom throughout the family. When one imagines a stem of any plant, whether it is a large tree in a forest, or a small plant in a windowsill, the same illusion and symbolism comes to mind. The symbolic nature that a stem holds up heavy branches above qualifies as strength and stability. Mama is not solely one part of this plant, but all parts in different contexts. The lack of light that the plant gets lessens the chances of its survival, but the neither plant nor Mama give up. Discussing about her "children and they tempers," Mama then addresses that if her "little old plant don't get more sun than it's been getting it ain't never going to see spring again" (Act 1, scene 1, 40). The "light" symbolizes the energy the plant needs in order to grow, and her family desperately needs the same. Mama knows that her family needs a shot of hope to have any chance at happiness. The lack of light on her plant is much like the lack of hope within her family. Although there is negativity, she stands tall, much like a stem to continue moving forward towards their dreams.

Flowers are thousands of different varieties and not many people ever wonder what makes the flowers more exquisite or what process relation the flower has with the pollinator.

An prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell are different in many ways. A prokaryotic cell means a microscopic single celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane,and mitochondria,or an membrane bound organelle. The prokaryotic cell is like an apartment, it supports the person with living space, but is small and simple at the same time. An eukaryotic cell is any organism whoose cell contains an nucleus, and other membrane bond and organells. An example of an eukaryotic cell is an mansion.

While reproductive isolation benefits from outcrossing, it more specifically benefits from orchids’ pollinator specificity. Around 60-70% of orchids have just a one pollinator species. This specificity is the main prezygotic reproductive isolation mechanism for the orchids. However, this high specificity in deceptive orchids can be unclear. It depends more on the pollinator specificity of the most deceptive orchids- the food deceptive orchids. Food deceptive orchids that are sympatric often share pollinators. This can lead to species’ barriers to be broken and hybridization, which subsequently, leads to low fertility and fitness in hybridized deceptive orchids. The low fitness of these orchids that share (no specific pollinator) or have a weak pollinator specificity indicates a late postzygotic reproductive isolation rather than a prezygotic.This is due to species sharing pollinator specificity causing a greater divergence in karyotypes than those who are pollinated by specific pollinators.

The germination process begins when water and oxygen are pulled into the seed by the seed’s coating. The embryo’s cells grow bigger as water and air

Auxin initiates the growth of the stem/roots via the Acid Growth Theory, which states that when certain cells come in contact with auxin protons are excreted into to the apoplast at a higher rate than usual, therefore lowering the pH of the apoplast (Rayle and Cleland, 1992). The low pH of the environment initiates the cell wall-loosening process involving the rearrangement of load-bearing bonds within the cell wall which is controlled through specialized proteins known as expansins. When the cell wall is sufficiently loosened water is allowed to enter the cell via osmosis causing the cell to enlarge. The uptake of the water increase internal turgor pressure, which causes the cell membrane to push against the cell wall allowing it to extend. The extension of the cell wall is halted after approximately 30 to 60 minutes via auxin enabling genes which engage other cell elongation methods (Plant & Soil Sciences eLibrary, no

Nature is everything which surround us and one of this is the flower. Flower is a part of a plant. It is a reproductive organ that produces eggs and pollen grains. Many flower have brightly colored petals and sweet fragrant which make them unique from the other living things. They produce nectar that attracts insect, animals and human too. While the animals eat on the nectar, some pollen grains stick on their bodies. When they move to another flower they carry the pollen and help pollinate those flowers. The pollination by animals are more effectively than pollination by the wind. Why? Because the animals directly move from flower to flower and not like in wind where the pollen can be carry anywhere. There is an assurance if it is