California State University, Fresno
Department of Civil and Geomatics Engineering
CE 137: Seismic Analysis Project
Term Project
CE 137 Seismic Analysis
Instructor: Dr. Fariborz Tehrani
By Zachary Smith
Undergraduate Student
February 2015 Table of Contents
List of Figures 3
Abstract 4
Chapter 1: Introduction 5
1.1 Background Information 5
1.2 Problem Statement 6
Chapter 2: Research 6
2.1 Location and Geological Information 6
2.2 Fault Areas 8
2.3 Earthquake History 9
2.3.1 Earthquake of 1868 9
2.3.2 Loma Prieta Earthquake, 1989 10
2.3.3 American Canyon Earthquake, 2014 12
Chapter 3: Recommendations 13
3.1 Seismic Condition Recommendations 13
Chapter 4: Conclusion 14
References 15
List of Figures
Figure 1: San Francisco Bay Area
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In order to design such a building for seismological risks, preliminary research is done about the geological conditions of the city, fault locations, and earthquake history. Three earthquakes were chosen that occurred in the vicinity of the city, and their characteristics were analyzed, as were any effects resulting from those quakes, including liquefaction, landslides, or settlement. At the conclusion of this project, recommendations for the structure were provided in relation to the seismic analysis of the area. The structure must follow any codes regarding seismic design, as well as perform up to the standard set by various organizations, such as the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background Information
Earthquakes rank as one of the most devastating natural disasters that can occur, causing damage to multiple facets of society. Earthquakes can cause major damage to vital infrastructure, cost human lives, and trigger other events that can cause even more destruction. Throughout history, earthquakes have caused millions, even billions of dollars of damage to cities and towns alike. Much of the destruction resulting from earthquakes is a product of poor design against seismic loads and forces. However as we have become more educated about what causes earthquakes and where they come from, we have been able to better fortify our structures to resist such forces, and have been able to
15. On the right section of the graph paper (Peru-Chile Trench) create a scale for the horizonal axis (longitude) ranging from 61-71 °W. Going by intervals of 1°W, label the right end of the x-axis 61 and the left end of the x-axis 71.
The San Andreas fault line has caused constant development nightmares for large urban areas such as San Francisco as well as the other cities built on top of it. Fault lines are one of the side effects of the earth’s tectonic plates shifting that can result in devastating earthquakes. Some of the most devastating earthquakes in our modern era have occurred along the San Andreas fault line due to a dense population. The most notable and destructive earthquake on the San Andreas fault line occurred in San Francisco in 1906. The reason this earthquake was so deadly was because of its magnitude and the city’s poor planning. This earthquake was a wakeup call for San Francisco and force the city to revolutionize its knowledge on earthquakes and how to protect their city. Today San Francisco is one of the most well prepared cities for an earthquake and has made great discoveries in earthquake safety measures. The 1906 earthquake in San Francisco has drastically changed how the city has developed its zoning and building code policies, and its earthquake research.
In Afghanistan people were trapped in their homes, and objects were not properly tied down. Buildings kill people not earthquakes.
Record your answer from Lab Exercise #1, Step 1, Question 2. What time in hours:minutes:seconds GMT did the S waves arrive?
Over more than 50 decades there has been multiple earthquakes that have been caused by the activity that takes place beneath and above the surface of the earth. For every earthquake there are various effects and consequences, these are generally not preventable but teachable moments. As we study and explore landforms we learn and better understand how today 's structures came about, what took place decades ago and where do we go from here. Thanks to the technology and inquiring minds we are able to study past events like the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the 1964 Alaska earthquake. In comparing these two events we can get an overview of what happened and better prepare ourselves for something like that in the future.
Of all the naturally occurring events on Earth, earthquakes are among the most devastating and bring a lot of truth to the statement, “Just because something is natural does not mean it is not dangerous.” Earthquakes are one of the most natural things I can think of that can cause massive damage and loss of human live in many instances, and the effects are sometimes long term. “Nothing happens without a force. Many geophysicists accept the theory that continents move as a result of the forces generated by mantel convection deep within Earth – motions driven by our planet’s internal heat energy” (Trefil & Hazen, 2010). According to National Geographic (1996-2012), constant movement in the tectonic plates that make up the Earth’s
Have you ever been in a deadly earthquake? In 2013, the people of the Philippines experienced one. A 7.1 magnitude earthquake that affected around 43,000 people with 2,211 aftershocks that ended up killing a total of 185 people. Earthquakes are known as one of the most dangerous natural disasters. This horrific event happened October 15th, 2013. The earthquake hit hardest in the central Philippines, it was reported to be caused by the East Bohol Fault. People act in a response to a natural disaster by gathering resources, spreading word, and government aid.
A ‘hazard’ can be defined as a geophysical process operating within the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere or biosphere which could potentially lead to the loss of human life or property. However, an earthquake only becomes hazardous and therefore needs management if it occurs within close proximity to a vulnerable population. To some extent, any human settlement around the world situated close to or on top of an area of seismic activity is vulnerable. However, not all nations suffer equal devastation.
The following paper is on the economic effects of the Cascadia subduction fault line earthquake. This earthquake is predicted to happen within the next fifty years, and it's predicted to devastate everything west of Interstate 5. The earthquake can range from a 8.0 magnitude to a 9.2 magnitude, and will impact "some hundred and forty thousand square miles... and some seven million people" (Schulz).
Because of the lack of reinforcement, it could result in considerable damage to the whole building or specific sections of it. Another potential hazard is the damage that may occur between the walls, roof, and floor diaphragms. The separation that occurs between the framing and the walls can jeopardize the vertical support, which could lead to the collapse of the structure. This is why Downtown has 70% of homes that will be uninhabitable after an Intensity IX earthquake.
An earthquake also causes the ground to shake. Which some buildings can’t take the intensity
Discuss the view that the impact of earthquake hazards depends primarily on human factors (40)
Most urban buildings are steel and concrete structures designed to resist typhoons and earthquakes. Damage is still significant, however, and many people are marginalized each year by typhoons, earthquakes, and other natural disasters.
Earthquakes has been most stochastic deadly phenomena by producing seismic waves of different magnitudes that can cause severe damage to structural foundations. As a frontline interacting structural member with seismic waves most of foundations are not
In the U.S. alone, the average annual cost to repair damage caused by earthquakes is $4.4 billion USD. The worldwide figure is much larger than this but unquantifiable due to poorer countries unable to accurately determine the amount of damage that occurred. Year after year the cost of damages barely fluctuates from these ridiculously high figures and money must be pumped into repairing the damage done. Although a lot is being learnt about earthquakes and the fact that humans are now normally able to be alerted in time to evacuate the area the earthquake will affect, there have been no breakthroughs into reducing the amount of damage earthquakes cause to buildings and infrastructures.