Seismic Imaging Project

The ground movement created by the tremor source is recorded by instruments called seismographs. The follow made by a seismograph, called a

challenge is to improve the access controls to the SCADA networks. A solution will make it harder for an attacker to

One of the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) most important missions is protecting critical infrastructure. Assessing CI vulnerabilities is critical to strengthening their capabilities and ensuring resiliency. Since most of them are privately owned, the Department partners with the private sector in conducting voluntary, non-regulatory vulnerability assessments (“Critical Infrastructure”, 2015). According to Homeland Security (2015), vulnerability assessments are the foundation National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) which outlines how the government and the private sector work together to manage risks to achieve security and resiliency goals (“Critical Infrastructure”, 2015). Protecting America’s electrical power grid is especially complicated because all of the other CIs depend on the energy sector’s

A critical infrastructure is defined as any facility, system, or function which provides the foundation for national security, governance, economic vitality, reputation, and way of life. (http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NIPP_InfoSharing.pdf)In short, critical infrastructure is by definition essential for the survival of the nation. The USA PATRIOT Act specifically defines critical infrastructure as "systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, (Jena Baker McNeill and Richard Weitz, 2010) so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating

The energy coming from this rupture is called seismic waves. These waves fan out in every direction from the earthquakes epicenter and results in intense shaking. Once this shaking reaches the earth’s surface, everything from the ground up will also proceed to shake (Wald 2012). In order to measure the size of an earthquake, scientists use seismographs. Seismographs consist of a base, a spring, pen, rotating drum, and a heavy weight. The base is placed in the ground while the weight hangs above. When an earthquake occurs the spring absorbs the shaking and the weight and pen, which remain motionless, record the difference between the shaking and motionless part of the seismograph. Seismograph recordings consist of short and long wavy lines, with long lines indicating a larger earthquake (Wald 2012). These recordings are then

The “Critical infrastructure, or CI, is a subcategory of infrastructure that includes those assets, systems, and networks, whether physical or virtual, which are so vital that their failure or destruction would have a debilitating impact on security, governance, public health and safety, public confidence, commerce, or other societal factors” (Bullock, Haddow, Coppola, 2016). According to the 2013 US National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) there are 16 of these sectors and throughout this paper we will discuss a cyber attack on the water supply sector. The best way to discuss the above will be through the evaluation of the impact that a cyber-attack could have on our water supply, and the probable third and fourth order effects from

Geologists measure an earthquake using a seismometer. A seismogram is an earthquake record produced by a seismomemter. Pore pressure monitors record

To find out what had been happening below the surface, researchers created 3D images of the mantle portion of the North American Plate. Seismologists image the internal part of the Earth by tracing the paths of seismic waves created by earthquakes as they move through the ground. The waves move faster through colder rocks and less quickly through warmer rocks. Rocks cool and harden as they become older, so the faster seismic waves, the older the rock.

In the 1960s when the Chilean tragedy struck scientist for the first time identified a subduction zone, by locating descending crust (oceanic), and locating descending crust seems quite simplistic in comparison to older methods for today we consistently are utilizing technology such as GPS. Subduction zones occur around a particular area known as “the ring of fire”, these countries that are dramatically affected by this ring include: Washington, Canada, Alaska, Russia, Japan and Indonesia. These continents are surrounded by the biggest subduction zones responsible for some of the biggest global earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and other natural disasters.

Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth’s layers as a result of earthquakes. During an earthquake, the waves released may be “P” or “S” depending on the way and speed of the wave (Refer to Figure 3 and 4). P-waves, or primary waves are longitudinal waves. Their vibrations are along the same direction as the direction of travel. P-waves are faster than S-waves. S-waves, or secondary waves are transverse waves. They travel at right angles to the direction of

On December 2015, an adversary maliciously operated supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems that caused power outages, followed by destructive attacks that disabled SCADA and communications systems to the field (E-ISAC, 2016). This type of malicious attack is the first reported case in the world, where there was a direct attack against systems in a nation’s critical infrastructure. This was an escalation from past malicious attacks against basic purpose computers and servers (E-ISAC,

The earthquakes above give a brief glimpse into the importance of analyzing past and present fault configurations. If scientists could make a breakthrough in this area perhaps we could better predict earthquake activity and better prepare ourselves if it is deemed a potential disaster is looming.

Throughout the world, devastating earthquakes occur with little or no advance warning. Some of these earthquakes kill hundreds of people. If the times, magnitudes, and locations of these earthquakes could be accurately predicted, many lives could be saved. This document proposes a review of how monitoring geophysical precursors can help in the short-term prediction of earthquakes. The proposed review will discuss the physical principles behind the monitoring of three common precursors and evaluate how accurate each monitoring is in predicting earthquakes. Included in this proposal are my methods for gathering

All the geophysical techniques are applied to overcome problems above. Those are principally specific to the vibration monitoring and some environmental monitoring which is vibration monitoring including strains, displacements, rotation and acceleration, while environmental monitoring including wind and temperature. All of these are affected

Seismic photos have become more prominent exact with the advancement of more cutting edge speed models, which contain actualities about the speed at which seismic waves visit by means of shake layers. As specified over, these measurements are basic for unwinding the geologic privileged insights concealed somewhere inside the earth. Recorded echoes create a lot of insights, and effective supercomputers are required to the manner and examine the certainties to frame a 3-D photo. Precision is urgent the better the pixel, the more prominent the shot that an exploratory legitimately will confirm a revelation and pass nearer to creation.