Selection Interaction Of Selection And Selection

maturation may have been a significant threat to internal validity during the time span between

approach, or top-down approach, moves from general theoretical or hypothetical to specific data (Creswell, 2003, p. 167). Using this approach, the researcher generalizes findings related to a

The two different types of selection differ because instead of the subject only going in one direction it will split off and go two different ways. This would be disruptive selection where there is more than one option to select or two distinct groups. For example, if some flowers and their colors. The main colors may be red, pink and white primarily, say that the more dominate color being a pink flower. What happens if we remove the pink flower from the equation? It would cause the flowers to shift toward the dominant color which in this case you might think is the red. However, in this case it is not because between red and white is the least drastic and according to phenotypes would be the color that would be dominate if pink was eliminated as an option in a directional selection there is only one trait and it is always that dominant trait that dictates body of the population. Directional selection is more based of natural selection and survival. Examples would be things such as a giraffe having a long neck to reach high foliage than other animals for survival or a bunny being a color more specific to blending into its surroundings.

Avoiding research bias in studies is important to the development of objective, reliable information that can be used by the public. Check all of the situations that are likely to indicate research bias:

Validity refers to whether the research conducted is what it intended to be. Validity involves dependability, which means, a valid measure must be reliable. But, reliability doesn’t have to link to validity, a reliable measure is not required to be valid.

External validity is when research findings are applied to the real world. When looking at 19-21 year olds on a college campus, we need to study a broad range of individuals coming from different cultures and backgrounds. We also need to look at which situations these are being applied to such as where they are there drinking habits taking place.

Natural selection is the process in which heritable traits that make it more likely for organisms to survive and successfully reproduce become more common in a population over successive generations. Each of us individuals is specifically shaped and formed by our own genetic pattern. We inherit this pattern half from are mother and half from are father. The cause of this is the proximate cause that led it’s phenotype to ultimate causes. Much of we know today about evolution derives from the late great pioneer, Charles Darwin. Charles Darwin was an english naturalist that even from an early age was very interested in outdoor pursuits. Early in his prep career his father tried sending him to the University of Edinburg to pursue his medical

Directional selection and disruptive selection differ because instead of the subject only going in one direction it will split off and go two different ways for example if some flowers and their colors. The main colors may be red, pink and white primarily, and the more dominate color being a pink flower. But if we remove the pink flower completely from the equation then the flowers will shift toward the dominant white color over the red. In a directional selection there is only one trait and it is always that dominant trait that dictates body of the population. The best example to show this is that in the

4.     What is more important in an experimental study, designing the study in order to make strong internal validity claims or strong external validity claims? Why?

Directional selection and disruptive selection have quite a bit in common; however, they also have some contraries. Their biggest likeness is that they are both subcategories of natural selection. Natural selection is the process that results in adaptation of a population to the biotic and abiotic atmospheres. Directional selection takes place when an exaggerated phenotype is favored and the distribution curve alters in that direction. Such a shift can happen when a population is adjusting to a changing environment. Disruptive selection occurs when two or more extreme phenotypes are favored over any other ordinary phenotype. These two selections differ in that directional requires only one extreme phenotype whereas disruptive requires at least two. A prime example of a directional selection, is resistance to antibiotic treatment as well as insecticides. The extensive application of antibiotics and pesticides eventually develops populations of bacteria and insects that have grown resistant to the chemicals. When an antibiotic is employed, some bacteria may survive because they are genetically defiant to the treatment. These particular bacteria are likely to provide such genes for the next generation. As an outcome, the number of bacterial defiance continues to increase. Disruptive selection favors polymorphism, which is the happenings of different forms in a population of the exact same species. With thatstatement made, a classic example of disruptive selection would be that

Now, it is time to give an overview of some of the design threats to construct validity. If the researcher did not define the construct efficiently than it can lead to the inadequate preoperational explication of constructs threat (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Next, is the mono-operation bias, which is the use of the study program only one time and one place (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Third, the mono-method bias is the use of any one measure or observation (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Finally, the confounding constructs and the levels of constructs threat (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). Overall, this threat to construct validity is a labeling issue like some of the other threats to construct validity (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). However, there are more design threats than listed in this paper to construct

Validity deals with determining “how well the instrument reflects the abstract concept being examined.” (Burns & Grove, 2011) In critiquing the validity of the Brunner et al. (2012) article, they used a quasi-experimental, two-group study without a control group to conduct their study. Their study examined two skin care products used to prevent skin breakdown in acute and critical care patients with various lengths of stay. According to Brunner et al. (2012), nurses approach skin care in various

Interrogating construct validity, how well the variables in the study were manipulated and measured, is also essential when dealing with causal claims (Morling, 2012). Again, because so little information from the methods section was addressed in Bergland's (2014) article, readers cannot validate the construct validly of the study. It would have been

When looking at individual-based studies, one is looking at a smaller group of individuals and determining if they reach a specific outcome based on being exposed to a risk factor. With this information, an inference is made about the general population to determine if the stated exposure affects their chances on having the expected outcome that is discussed in the study. Since it is not a true representation of the population however, an investigator runs the risk of not having an accurate representation of the data in terms of the general population.

Validity refers to that measuring tool or approaches can accurately measure things needed to be measured. It can be considered as an extent that measured results reflect investigative contents. Measured results more tend to be identical, validity will be higher, vice versa. Guba and Lincoln (1981) argued that whole social research must include invalidity in order to acquire worthwhile data within both the rationalistic paradigm (quantitative research) and naturalistic paradigm (qualitative research). Some factors can determine the level of validity, which include bias, construct