Self Efficacy Program For Preventing Osteoporosis Among Asian Immigrants

Some paperwork I will have Jane complete is a health appraisal screening. This is to help identify known diseases and possible risk factors associated with coronary artery disease and question if Jane may need medical referral before starting the exercise program. I would have Jane fill out a Par-Q (physical activity readiness questionnaire) form which identifies if individuals are healthy enough to start training or if they need additional medical attention. Another form I would have her fill out is the health/medical questionnaire. This form identifies any diseases, personal medical history, health concerns, medication and lifestyle management. I would then proceed to ask Jane questions to gather a lifestyle inventory so I can understand some of her daily habits and figure if she has any behaviors that are positively or negatively impacting her health. I would ask questions about her diet, stress management, physical activity, and sleep pattern. I

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that occurs when the body loses too much bone, makes too little bone, or both. As a result, bones become weak and may break from a fall or, in serious cases, from sneezing or minor bumps (nof.org). This skeletal disease is characterized by the increase in the fragility of bones as a result of reduced bone mass density and the deformation of the structure of bone tissue (Angin,Erden,Can, 849). Many patients with osteoporosis are instructed by their doctor to exercise; as this will improve their rehabilitation of this disease and lessen the pain associated with it.

The Health Belief Model is commonly used for health promotion and health education. Its’ underlying concept is that health behavior is explained by perception of the disease and the strategies available to lower its occurrence. There are four perceptions of the HBM, which are perceived seriousness, perceived benefit, perceived susceptibility and perceived barriers. In addition to that, more constructs are added to health belief model that includes motivating factor, cues to action and self-efficacy. Each of these constructs in combination or individually, could be used to determine health behavior. The HBM also provides guidelines for the program development allowing planners to address reasons for non-compliance with recommended health action. The health belief model is a process used to promote healthy behavior among individuals who may be at risk of developing adverse health outcomes. A person must gauge their perceptions of severity and susceptibility of developing a disease. Then it is essential to feel vulnerable by these perceptions. Environmental factors can play a role as well as cues to action such as media, and close friends. In order to determine that taking action will be meaningful, the benefits to change must be weighed, against the barriers to change behavior (Green & Murphy, 2014).

Asian Americans with no other ancestry comprise 4.8% of the U.S. population while people who are Asian alone or combined with at least one other race make up 5.6%

All these factors were evaluated appropriately two weeks post intervention to correlate any changes in the attitudes of health behavior towards osteoporosis. Thus, we can infer the researchers set out to test the question; In Asian immigrants, what is the effect of SEOPE intervention, in comparison to the attention-controlled intervention, on osteoporosis health behaviors?

Osteoporosis is a major public health concern that greatly affects the elderly population. Osteoporosis is typically diagnosed and most prevalent in the older population due to the natural aging process. As one ages, bone integrity begins to decline and can influence many aspects of one’s life. As the prevalence continues to increase, focus is placed not only on treatment methods for those diagnosed, but also early prevention methods for those at an early age.1 These treatment and prevention methods of osteoporosis, specifically exercise testing and prescription, will be continue to be discussed in more detail, as well as the scope, pathophysiology, clinical considerations, and recent topics in research.

Self-efficacy, for the purpose of this study, may be defined as a person’s optimistic self-belief. This is the belief that a person can develop the skills to perform new or difficult tasks to cope with changes in health and functioning. When a person perceives self-efficacy, it will facilitate goal-setting, effort, investment, persistence, overcoming obstacles and recovery from disappointments and failures. It can be regarded as a positive outlook or proactive way to handle stress factors. It is the ability to successfully cope with health changes, and implies an internal and stable acceptance of changes and ability to successfully adapt to those changes. Perceived self-efficacy is functional in

There are several interventions that correlate with increased physical activity, goal-setting, self-monitoring, and feedback. Several studies have examined the

Activity and exercise assessment is focused on the activities of ADL’s, exercise and leisure activities (Kriegler & Harton, 1992). Activities and exercise is limited in this family due to the parents work schedule. The father runs and exercises both at home and at the YMCA when time allows, which is a few times a week. The grandmothers mobility is limited due to balance issues, although she is participating in physical therapy at the present time for strengthening. They don’t feel they exercise enough although they know how important it is for them to exercise especially with their diabetes. Normal ADL 's are a minor problem for the grandmother although the grandfather helps her. The parents function at a high level with every day activities.

Carter, Barba, and Kautz (2013) report culturally tailored education can lead to significant improvements in self-care in African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Also, appropriate dieting, exercise, medical checkups and medication regimens for prevention and management show efficient improvements. The Health Belief Model is realistic and acknowledges that having a desire to change health behavior may not be enough. Therefore, two elements that may be helpful include cues to action and self-efficacy. The cues to action are external whereas, self-efficacy focuses on his or her ability to make a health-related change (Boskey, 2014).

The scores of social support in later stages of behavior change were higher than those in the earlier stages. The scores of self-efficacy and compliance in blood glucose monitoring, regular exercise, and diet control in later stages of behavior change were higher than those in earlier stages. Self-efficacy showed a gradual increase from pre-contemplation to maintenance. HbA1C levels were higher in contemplation/preparation stages when compared to other later stages. The more compliant participants were, the lower their HbA1C values; and the more negativity from family and friends, the higher HbA1C values. Stronger self-efficacy correlated to higher compliance to routines. Social support increased various positive dimensions of self-efficacy. The routine management of diabetes was the key factor that influenced the stages of behavior change.

When Jones et al. (2014) distributed the 32-item questionnaire on the NRAS website and e-newsletter 1,842 people were members of the NRAS, but once the study was complete only 247 people participated. This included 217 females and 30 males. Approximately 96% of NRAS members are from either England or Scotland. The participants ranged in age from 40-60 years old, disease duration, physical activity levels, and self-efficacy. Researchers found positive correlations between the age of the participant and the duration of the disease and also a correlation between physical activity levels and self-efficacy for exercise, as expected. Although 58% of participants stated they had previous medical conditions such as hypertension, high cholesterol, and osteoarthritis, this test was carefully and professionally designed for joint issues associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis. The final questionnaire represented a S-BX2= 774.47, df=692 (degrees of freedom, number of values in final study), p<0.001, RMSEA=0.06, 90% CI, and SRMR-.10. The most important value in validating our data is the low p-value indicating strong evidence against the null-hypothesis (Rumsey, 2013). This means that the data collected shows strong evidence against no relationship between physical activity and joints Rheumatoid Arthritis patients. From the 32- factor questionnaire, each question was put into the 5 subscales developed by the initial small focal group. The final results revealed that 72 % of patients

Ivy, a 60 years old Asian woman sustains an ankle fracture from a fall in a shopping mall. After the surgery, Ivy goes to an Orthopedic surgeon for follow up, who does an initial history and physical checkup. Ivy has an active life. She walks every day about two miles and stays busy with household works. She has habits of drinking a few cups of coffee and a moderate amount of wine and also smoking. About two years ago she was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.

The Health Belief Model (HBM) is one of the first theories of health behavior. It was developed in the 1950s by social psychologists in the U.S. Public Health Services to better understand the widespread failure of tuberculosis screening programs. Today it continues to be one of the most widely used theories. Research studies use it to explain and predict health behaviors seen in individuals. There is a broad range of health behaviors and subject populations that it is applied in. The concepts in the model involve perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. Focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals being studied create an understanding of their

Health belief model was one of the first and most widely recognized theories of health behavior. (Butts & Rich, 2011). This theory was formulated in an attempt to predict health behaviors by focusing on the attitude and beliefs of individuals. It is aimed to determine the likelihood of an individual to participate in health-promotion and disease prevention programs. (Kozier & Erb, 2011). This theory postulated that if a patient is well- motivated, there is a possibility that he will participate in these activities. Motivation can be derived by the individual's perceptions towards his condition. According to Becker (1974), individual perceptions include patient's perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness of the disease and perceived threat.