Seljuk Research Paper

He completely changed the way in which the Mongols traditionally fought. Mongols traditionally fought in tribal units, but Genghis created a non-clan, highly mobile army with very talented horsemen. He caused the empire to rapidly expand; this was first shown by the Mongol conquest of China. The Mongols first conquered the Tangut kingdom of Xi Xia, and then the Jin Dynasty in a war that lasted until 1234 CE. He left China, and while he was away, the Xi Xia and Jin Dynasty united against his army.

Al-Mamun’s successor and son was a man called Al Mu’tasim. His reign was particularly important in the gradual decline of the Abbasids. Although he was not the first to use the infamous ‘slave soldiers’, they had been used from 814 onwards, he expanded their usage massively. The slave soldiers were mostly Turks from areas like modern Turkmenistan. These were hard nomadic peoples from the grass planes of the Steppe who were brutal worriers and provided the Caliph with military security for a price. These Turk soldiers were to play a crucial part in the decline of the Caliphate as their influence and power grew over their masters. The Turks soon formed the palace guard of the Caliph, taking on a similar to the Praetorian Guard of the Roman Empire. As their presence increased they became increasingly unpopular in Baghdad. This unpopularity and the Caliphs increasing dependence on his mercenaries lead to Mu’tasim relocating the capital from Baghdad to Samarra in 835. This only diminished the power of the Caliphate in

Starting their empire in 750 C.E., the Abbasids were certain to leave a major impact on the Arab world. The Abbasids had moved the empire’s capital to Baghdad, from Damascus, after gaining control. The empire had spanned across three continents and was drenched with many open ideas, as the empire had been widely involved in trade. Being spanned over such a vast array of land, the Abbasids had many ideas in front of them, and they were capable of drawing out the best of those from the areas in which they had conquered. These ideas were not even from extensive trade routes that they had carved out themselves, but they had just used the ones that were established by the Persians, before the Umayyad Dynasty had taken them over. Through somewhat minimal work, this empire was capable

caliph’s challege, raiding into baghdad with violent and destructive intentions. By the end of the

The Safavid Empire was based in what is today Iran. This Islamic Empire was strong enough to challenge the Ottomans in the west and the Mughals in the east.

Abbas, and Mehmed II (re)built their capitals to strategically place themselves in a position of power. Abbas changed the the capital of the Safavid Empire from Qavin to Isfahans due to the lurking threat of the Uzebek invasion. Isfahan was a more centralized and secure location Safavid Empire since territories and boundaries were consistently changing in the early early pre-modern era. As for Mehmed II, his lands spread form lower eastern Europe to Anatolia to the borders of the Safavid Empire. Thus, it was necessary for him to place himself in position where he could manage his newly claimed territories, and establish a stronghold to launch future Ottoman wars into Europe. In contrast to the Abbas the Great and  Mehmed II Akbar the Great,

The Safavid Empire began in Azerbaijan. The empire continued to expand during Shah Abbas's reign but after his death, the dynasty gradually lost its vigor. At first, Shah Ismail, the founder of the Safavid dynasty, tried to convert members of the Ottoman Empire into Shiites. This resulted in massacre of the Sunni Muslims in 1508. Alarmed, the Ottomans fought back and won a major battle. However, after a few years, Ismail regained the land. Many years later, the Ottomans attacked back and forced the new shah, Abbas, to sign a treaty. It was Abbas who led the Safavids to their highest point. The political and social structure was strong. Senior positions in the bureaucracy were by merit rather than by birth. Religious tolerance was practiced. Abbas hired foreigners from neighboring countries for positions in his government to avoid religious competition. The shahs also took a direct interest in the economy, playing an active part in trade and manufacturing. The artistic excellence was

The Iranians slowly settled into specific regions and began establishing their own societies. Eventually, two groups established themselves as leaders in the region. In the South, the Persians governed the area between the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf and began establishing their own society. In the North, the Medes formed a state called Media and united themselves under one king in 710 B.C.E. Once the Medes had established the rule of a central government authority in the form of a monarchy, they began to expand into Persian territory while at the same time allying with the neighboring Babylonian Empire to overthrow the Assyrian Empire in 612

Frane selak is a great man,he survived death many times.The first time was a train fell off the tracks.someone poled him to safety Next he was in a plane and the door flew off and he flew out and landed in a big pile of hay. Pow! He got hit by a huge car it fell with frane selak in it, then it fell off the road frane selak grabbed a tree! His car exploded and he survived! Again. The next time his car exploded! With him in the car. The next time he got hardly hit by a bus 2 times! Then won the lottery. His hair was burned, his arm was broken. He had to get another car again and again and again and again. His leg was broke. over 25 people who were not as lucky in these 7 unfortunate things and

Temüjin, better known as Chinggis Khan, was a Mongolian born in 1160’s, who later became the leader of the one of the most successful armies in the history of a mankind. Mongols under his leadership Mongols first conquered China relatively easily and then moved towards west, partly simultaneously. This essay examines the reasons for his success in conquering Iran and especially the reasons why the Muslims of Iran were not able to resist his army’s invasion. First this essay discusses Chinggis Khan’s army’s strength and superiority in general level, then shifting focus to the particular case of Iran. It becomes evident that Chinggis Khan was an extraordinary military leader and that besides that the army was extremely successful due to its

Similar to the Roman Empire the Persian Empire stretched across vast lands without any serious rivalry. At the height of the empire it stretched across, not only, Asia, from the Aegean to the Indus River, but also included part of the continent of Africa. We get the word, Persia, from the Greek word Parsa meaning, “Above reproach”. The Persians unlike most other Empires would be ruled under a benevolent ruler. This would bring a large amount of cultural diffusion to the Empire. The empires history is separated into three historical periods: Old Persia (600-300 B.C.E), Middle Persia (300-800 B.C.E.) and modern Persia (800-Present). The height or the Empire was reached around 500 B.C.E. (Ancient and Medieval History

The rise of the Mongol Empire can be attributed to a famous emperor, Genghis Khan. He led his armies through the Great Wall of China and crushed the Jin Dynasty. “In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the Mongols were far from more barbarous than their neighboring tribes. For this reason Genghis Khan, as the cultivated Chinese put it, was nothing more nor less than a barbarian. However, this barbarian possessed a number of qualities that enabled him to become one of the greatest conquerors in the history of the word” (Hartog p.139). Unfortunately, he has a sudden death in 1227 while in the war against the Xia Dynasty. Before his passing Genghis ordered his second son, Ogedei Khan, as his inheritor to split his empire into four khanates between his children and grandchildren to complete his invasion. Many years pass after Genghis Khan died, and several Mongol leaders attempted to continue the mission of the Great Khan. It isn’t until his grandson Kublai Khan, succeeded in creating a more powerful domain during his establishment of the Yuan Dynasty

The Safavid Empire created sophisticated libraire and art centers they referred to as “Ateliers”. They admired Persian art

Iran was included in the territory of what was then the ancient Persian Empire. For centuries Iran (land of the Aryans) was also referred to as Persia, which was the official name until 1935. Fourteen years had passed before the Iranian government allowed the use of both names. Few groups of people today have significant history like the Iranians, descending from the ancient Persians, who possess one of the world’s richest and oldest cultures. Historically, a variety of other cultures and groups had once occupied the ancient Iranian plateau as early as 4,000 B.C.E, with little importance. Beginning by the third millennium, Persia was ruled by some of the greatest kings of all time, from Cyrus the Great to Darius the III, who turned the

Muwaiya chose his own son Yazid to succeed him, thereby instituting the Umayyad caliphate. He killed the grandson of Muhammad in the famous Battle of Karbala that has been understood while having different opinions. Some claim that it was the war between two princes; however, some also believe that it was Yazid who did the wrong act of killing the grandson of his own prophet that brought the religion (Haynes, 1998). This give birth to the Umayyad caliphs that presided over the Arab realm and were least interested about the religious empire. They developed an army mostly comprising Muslim Arabs and retained Sasanid and Byzantine and placed Muslims over the seats of non Muslims. However, unrest started to grow in this period and Shiites attached the Umayyad family to secure the legitimacy as the heirs of Muhammad. In 750, the region of Khurasan that is currently the Northeastern Iran, the end of Umayyad caliph was noted, followed by the Abbas family taking over the thrown and let the Shiite gain control over the different regions (Doak, 2009). In the beginning, the Abassid Caliphate reflected leadership through which the nation proposed. The early leaders were religious and were towards Islam and the preaching of Islam. However, soon after more and more people converted into Islam, by the half of ninth century, it was difficult for the regime to hold power and to prevent revolt and rebels. The regime was so scattered with no proper delegation systems with high communication gaps that eventually resulted in poor governance. It is observed that no government ruling so vast an empire could hold power easily. It is observed that during the first two centuries, the major concern for the Muslim leader was to have rebels that were supported by huge number of people converting into Islam (Rubin,