Seminal Viruses And Its Effect On Sperm Cells

There is a variety of method which allows the separation of sperm but very few of these have withstood scientific checks which prove they work.

The SH (small hydrophobic) protein, matrix protein (M), and the M2 protein are envelope-associated proteins that are not involved in viral attachment or syncytium formation (3). Other proteins such as the nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), and the large nucleoprotein (L) are in the nucleocapsid. NS-1 and NS-2 are non-structure protein that is only found in the infected cells but not present in virions (3).

In today’s society individuals can be affected by a number of different viruses and infections. A virus is defined as “various numbers of submicroscopic parasites that can infect any animal, plant, or bacteria and often lead to very serious or even deadly diseases”. One of the most widespread viruses alive today is the Human Papillomavirus commonly known as HPV. HPV can be spread during any kind of sexual encounter even without penetration; it is most frequently spread by skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity with the penis, scrotum, vagina, vulva, or anus of the infected individual. There are more than a 100 different types of HPV viruses, which can be considered

HSV is part of the family herpetoviridae and the genus simplexvirus. There are two strains of this virus: HSV1 known as the oral infection and HSV2 known as the genital infection. The structure of the virus is an enveloped, icosahedral capsid, and single linear double-stranded DNA. The capsid contains dsDNA, α and β proteins. The α proteins regulate the reproductive cycle and block the presentation of antigenic peptides on the host membrane. The β proteins are in charge of the viral nucleic acid metabolism and capsid proteins. The glycoprotein spikes are gB, gC, and gD. There are many modes of transmission of the virus like

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a group of more than 40 types of viruses that infect the genital areas, throats (recurrent respiratory papillomatosis), and mouths of males and females and is the number one most common sexually transmitted disease (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2009). It is spread by genital contact. It is most easily spread by vaginal and anal sex, but also through oral sex and even just genital-to-genital (skin-to-skin). In 90% of people that contract HPV, their own immune system

The semen is done in the laboratory by taking by following some procedures. First the patient is given a specimen tubule and after that it will produce some semen into the bottle by

The reason why is the disease causing this is in men the mucus blocking the tube carries sperm making

This type of cancer happens in a man's male reproductive gland which is a small walnut-shaped gland that produces the very important fluid that gives food to keep alive and vehicles sperm. Male reproductive gland cancer grows slowly and during the first stages it remains within the male reproductive gland and not be serious or cause any harm. However, while at times male reproductive gland cancer may grow slowly and may only need very little treatment or not treatment at all, there are some type's male reproductive gland cancers that are aggressive and spread quickly. This way identifying a disease or its cause the cancer early while is kept to the male reproductive gland, has a better change of effective treatment. Although there may be no signs and signs of sickness during the early stages of male reproductive gland cancer, when the male reproductive gland cancer is more advance it may cause some signs of sickness including but not limited to; trouble urinating, decreased force in stream of urine, blood in the urine, blood in the semen, swelling of the legs and discomfort in the hip-related area. As of today, it is not certain exactly what causes male reproductive gland cancer among men. It is know that male reproductive gland cancer begins when the cells of the male reproductive gland become different from what's usually expected and change in the DNA of these

Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted disease that affects men and women. It is spread after having sexual contact with infected individual whether by oral, anal, and vaginal contact (Gale Encyclopedia, 2013). In some cases, some people with

In several experiments,65-67 Moench also depicted a wide picture of abnormal sperm morphology and attempted to provide a reference value for evaluating the capacity of fertilization of men. According to Moench, semen with morphologically abnormal spermatozoa up to 20% would be normal. Semen between 20 and 23% would have decreased fertility and value >25% they were compatible with sterility.

The bacteria M. genitalium is becoming an increasingly interesting topic for researchers, despite the fact that prevalence in the general population is quite low (Anderson, et. al., 2006). This is mainly for the fact that it has recently been linked to the issue of men with urethritis and women with cervicitis. In fact, only 19% to 41% of men with recurrent urethritis have M. genitalium (Jensen, et. al., 2014). Clinical studies show that their is a concordance rate between partners ranging from 45% to 58% for female to male index patients and 38% to 56% of male to female index patients (Anderson, et. al., 2006). These statistics support the idea that the chance of two partners being infected is relatively high. This poses a problem for

Spermatozoa is a system structural motile cells where its formation requires conditions both internally and externally in order to form spermatozoa were able to penetrate the egg perfectly. The purpose of this lab is to determine the shape and structure of some animal sperm. Knowing the normal levels or the presence of sperm and sperm concentration in a single millimeter. The method used is direct observation using a microscope preparation. In human sperm look normal sperm head shape is oval and slightly flattened. Tests on cattle have larger heads than human sperm and more oval. Moving more active than human sperm. Sperm locusts have no means of motion, only a round without any accessory

The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of Selenium and Vitamin E on the semen of teddy bucks. For this purpose 12 Teddy bucks will be taken for the experimentation. 12 Teddy bucks will be divided into four groups such as A, B, C and D. Each group will contain 3 teddy bucks. First group A will be kept as a control group. The second group B will be injected with Sodium Selenite @ dose rate of 0.10 mg / kg. Third group C will be injected with vitamin E @ dose rate of 1.35 IU/Kg. While the forth group D will be injected with Sodium Selenite @ dose rate of 0.10 mg / kg and vitamin E dose rate of 1.35 IU/Kg. Experimental animals will be injected twice a week for 2 months. Semens will be collected every

Understanding of the HPV lifecycle is mainly derived from research on HPV 16. However, with slight modifications, life cycle model of HPV 16 can be applied to other HPV types as well.17 Skin to skin contact is the primary route of transmission, and sexual behavior greatly influences the incidence and prevalence of HPV infections.18 Virus finds its way to basal epithelial cell via micro-abrasions and micro-traumas on the skin. It is not fully understood how the virus binds with the surface of basal cells. However, L1 and L2 capsid proteins, alpha-6 integrin cellular receptors, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans/heparin sulfate may play a role in the process of binding.19 The virus enters basal epithelial cells through endocytosis, and the capsid is disassembled by the cellular endosome/lysosome. The L2 viral protein transfers the viral genome to nuclei of keratinocytes,20 and with the help of early viral proteins (E1 and E2), the virus maintains its episomal form and replicates in synchrony with the host DNA.17 As the infected host cells differentiate, late viral promoters are activated which facilitate viral packaging and release.17,20 Usually the expression of L1 and L2 viral proteins takes place in the granular layer the viral assembly in the cornified layer of the skin.7,20 Viruses are

AAV is a little, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA dependovirus which belongs to the family of parvoviridae. It requires a helper virus, ideally Ad or herpes virus or on the other hand human papillomavirus or vaccinia virus to encourage effective, completely permissive AAV infection and replication (Bloom and Young, 2001). Without helper virus, AAV sets up an inactive disease and keeps up as a dormant provirus coordinated into a unique site of human chromosome 19. AAV can efficiently infect a wide variety of cell sorts furthermore contaminate both mitotic and post-mitotic, quiescent cells, through heparin sulfate proteoglycans and integrin (Summerford et al., 1999). AAV has not been connected with any human disease which in this way conquers the security concerns experienced