Septal Myectomy

Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a disease that mainly affects the apex of the heart and does not cause any obstruction. [1] These abnormalities in the heart muscle can cause a wide variety of symptoms. As the heart becomes stiff it increases the pressure in the left ventricle which can push blood back into the lungs, causing shortness of breath in exercise. Chest pain can occur as there is not enough oxygen available to the cardiac muscle due to insufficient blood supply. Palpitations and lightheadedness, along with other conditions can occur as a result of HCM. In addition to these discomforting symptoms, the patient may develop an arrhythmias that often goes unnoticed. An arrhythmia takes place as the electrical conduction of the heart is disturbed by the abnormal scattering of myocytes. The two most common arrhythmias are atrial fibrillation causing palpitations, and ventricular tachycardia that can be life threatening causing sudden death. Both conditions can be controlled with medication. [4]

Systolic heart failure is characterized by enlarged ventricles that are unable to fully contract to pump enough blood into circulation to adequately perfuse tissues. The enlargement in ventricles is due to an increased end-systolic volume. If the heart is not able to sufficiently pump the expected volume of blood with each contraction, which in a normal healthy heart is 50-60%, there will be a residual volume left in the heart after every pump (Heart Healthy Women, 2012). With the next period of filling, the heart will receive the same amount of blood volume from the atria combined with that residual volume from the previous contraction. This causes the ventricles to have to dilate to accommodate this increase in volume. The dilation causes the walls of the ventricles to stretch and become thin and weak. Also the myocardium, the muscle layer of the heart, will stretch and not be able to adequately make a full and forceful enough contraction to push blood from the ventricles (Lehne, 2010).

As this disease progresses and the workload of the heart is consistently increased, ventricular hypertrophy occurs. At first, the hypertrophied heart muscles will increase contractility, thus increasing cardiac output; however, as hypertrophy of the ventricular myocardial cells continues, it begins to have poor contractility, requires more oxygen to perform, and has poor circulation from the coronary arteries. This can result in heart tissue ischemia and lead into cardiac dysrhythmias (Lewis et al. 2014, 768).

The use of beta-blockers to slow the heart rate may benefit patients who have episodes of tachycardia, or rapid heartbeats, with the mitral valve prolapse. Unless it has progressed to something severe, the patientwill probably not need treatment. If it has become severe, then the patient can benefit from surgery to repair or replace the leaky valve. Although it sounds scary, it is a condition that can be managed quite easily and the patient can live a normal lifestyle without any impairment or major adjustment to your activities.

Beta-blockers have been recently reported to decrease mortality in heart failure patients. Mortality and hospitalization rates for patients with the disease are high and continue to rise. Despite the magnitude of the problem, treatment of congestive heart failure is often inadequate. Primary care physicians care for most patients with heart failure. Beta-blocker therapy is appropriate in patients with NYHA class II or class III symptoms resulting from left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Unless contraindicated, beta-blockers should be considered a mainstay of therapy in these patients to improve symptoms and mortality and to decrease hospitalizations. Beta-blockers should not be administered to patients with heart failure who have bradycardia, heart block or hemodynamic instability.

Varying patients may present to their clinician or the emergency department for treatment with heart failure. It is important to understand that there is more than one type of heart failure; primarily the focus is placed on diastolic heart failure and systolic heart failure. Depending upon the cause of heart failure and what areas are affected dictates the treatment plan needed. While there are similarities with both kinds of heart failure, there are also differences that can help the clinician distinguish the diagnosis needed to fit the patient. Once a diagnosis is made the clinician can move forward in determining if the patient is at risk for use of diuretics and then look towards prescribing ACEIs, ARBs, and beta-blockers.

Defects and problems with vital organs can be remedied through installing a pacemaker, surgery to repair septal defects, abdominal surgeries to correct obstructions/damaging anatomical issues in the thoracic and abdominal area. Abdominal obstructions are serious and if not monitored and treated are life threatening. However not all patients need extreme medical procedure, like surgery, because of the complications that come with dextrocardia. In many cases antibiotics are prescribed to boost or maintain the immune system because of the increased probability of respiratory illness as a result of asplenia and respiratory malformations. On average people with dextrocardia contract infections more often but overall dextrocardia, even in complicated cases, is manageable with the right care, information and medical

Is the condition where the heart is not pumping the right amount of blood to the rest of the body as it should be

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition that affects the pumping ability of your heart

As cardiomyopathy progresses, the heart becomes weaker and is less able to pump blood normally. This results in heart failure. There are different types of cardiomyopathy- hypertrophic, dilated, and restrictive. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy occurs when the heart muscle cells enlarge which causes the thickening of the left ventricular wall. Although the ventricle size stays normal, the thickening makes it harder for the heart to pump blood. In some cases, the septum also thickens and expands to the left ventricle which causes a blockage of blood flow out of the left ventricle. The cause of the disease is unknown but hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is usually caused by changes in the genes in heart muscle proteins. It can also develop due to

In the valvular disease the regurgitation of blood back to the ventricles occurs when the valves fail to close tightly and this will result in ventricular overload and increased muscle stretching. This increases the heart muscles need for oxygen and energy resulting in the cardiac muscles to contract harder (Karch, 2013). The failure of the left ventricle to pump efficiently will lead to pulmonary vessel congestion and in severe cases, pulmonary edema whereas the inefficient pumping of right ventricle will lead to liver congestion and peripheral edema (edema of the legs and feet). The cardiovascular system works as a closed system and therefore, if one-sided failure left untreated, will eventually lead to failure of both sides (Karch, 2013). The American College of Cardiology (ACC)/ American Heart Association (AHA) has incorporated a classification system of heart failure that include four stages. This staging system (stage A to stage D) recognizes that there are established risk factors and structural abnormalities that are characteristics of the four stages of heart failure.

Congestive cardiac failure (CCF) is a progressive disease of the heart, which involves loss of pumping ability by the heart. Congestive cardiac failure occurs when the myocardium loses its ability to pump enough blood to meet the body’s metabolic needs and is generally accompanied by fluid accumulation in the body tissues, especially the lungs. The build–up of fluid affects the normal function of the heart, pulmonary circulation, blood pressure, the distribution of oxygen and nutrients, and

However VATS lobectomy is still considered a complex and demanding procedure characterized by fine dissection of delicate and easily broken structures with potential and fatal risks. For this reason and for an hard learning curve, VATS-lobectomy is not spread evenly among thoracic surgeons despite obvious advantages. Superior postoperative outcomes, including shorter length of stay [9], less postoperative pain [10], preserved pulmonary function [10], fewer postoperative complications [9, 11] and better compliance with adjuvant chemotherapy [12] are certain benefits that must stimulate surgeons to practice

Atrial Septal Defect(ASD) is a very large problem concerning the heart in its overall function. When the heart, being the core of the cardiovascular system, has issues; it effects the rest of the body as a result. The core of the problem resides in the atrial septum. Normally the heart is divided into four separate chambers. But a person with atrial septal defect has an atrial septum that allows the blood from the left side of the heart back into the right side. This results in increased pulmonary blood flow and diastolic overload of the right ventricle. By having this constant left-to-right shunt, it can alter the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to hypertension or even the reversal of the shunt itself.

One symptom is heart murmur. Heart murmur is when your heart makes swishing sound heard in you heart. Other symptoms that are typically known is shortness of breath. This can happen when exercising or doing some kind of body workout. These treatment can be treated by different kinds of things. This disorder can be treated by doing heart surgery or cardiac catheterization. For the surgery they will stitch up the hole with surgical materials or your body’s own tissue. Cardiac catheterization is when they put a flexible tube in your heart to insert a device in the hole to cover it. People who have atrial septal defect face fewer challenges in their daily