Sequencing Program Analysis

The Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher was, in 1869, the first person to ever observe what James Watson and Francis Crick would, a hundred years later, give the name DNA. Neither Miescher nor Watson and Crick could possible imagine the knowledge we possess today. The British behavioral biologist Richard Dawkins stated in his work “River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life” that we, as humans, dance to the music of DNA. But what happens, when we refuse to dance this dance? What happens when we are allowed to know the moves long before the dance even starts? Through modern day gene testing have our

The author explains the basics of DNA by describing the simple part of it, “proteins are the molecules that do all of the work in every organism, from carrying oxygen, to building tissue, to copying DNA for the next generation” (Carroll 73). He also explained the four bases that are building blocks that are held together by strong bonds and are represented by the letters A, C, G and T. Scientist also learned that A and T always pair with each other as well as G and C, this helps them because if they know one strand of DNA they already know the second because of how the bases match up. The author states that scientists have found about 500 genes that exist in all forms of life, the author explains that these genes are “immortal”. These genes have endured millions of years of evolution and have not been mutated because they are essential for every organism to have; these genes can have important jobs such as decoding of the DNA and RNA and making

DNA is a term that has been used in science as well as in many parts of daily

1993). Due to the errors in performing DNA extraction and PCR, a backup product was used in the latter stages of the experiment. However, although a backup was used, it does not necessarily mean there were not mistakes made later in the experiment. The backup was used due to the lack of viable DNA in the samples. The lack of usable DNA before sequencing more than likely assisted in the unsuccessfulness in sequencing, as in the forward sequence only 36bp were received with a 69.4% GC content, and none in the reverse with 0% GC content. The reverse was replaced in Geneious with a backup

This method, as well as the Maxam and Gilbert method, for sequencing DNA are transforming the world of science, medicine and the views of people around the world.

Since the invasion of the western culture on the rest of the world, a new standard of science has emerged. This new breed of scientist digs for answers wherever he/she thinks that they may be found, with no compassion for the environment around them or the outcome of those actions. The modern day scientist seems to have a problem with accepting nature for the way it is and instead, is trying to constantly rearrange it for the proclaimed reason of, the good of man. DNA research began over twenty years ago because, mankind has always had a lust for how we work and operate. DNA, it was found, seemed to be the blueprint for how the human genetic structure worked and operated. This was where science obviously needed to be headed as it was after all, the possible key to all of mankind’s questions of itself. Some years after, the massive project began known as the Human Genome Project. The project began with the promise of, in the end, being able to figure out the cause of almost every human malfunction and the cure for it (Thomas, p 51).

“A potential key to the secret of life was impossible to push out of my mind” (Watson 35). Without Crick and Watson’s development on the anatomy of DNA, the foundation for modern day knowledge on genetics and inheritance would have never existed. Francis Crick and James Watson were two scientists who discovered and deciphered the structure and different parts of DNA. Subsequently, if they never conceived the whole idea of a human genome, the entire maintenance of life’s code would remain a mystery. Throughout the race where the men were aiming to be the first ones to unscramble the DNA code, Crick and Francis encountered and exchanged ideas and hypotheses with other scientists in order to produce the structure and function of the DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or more typically referred to as DNA, is the building block for all carbon-based life forms on earth. DNA carries a set of instructions for all living beings: how tall, how short, color, size, and so on. Thus it is indispensable not only to doctors but archeologists as well. The story of DNA begins in the hands of an unsuspecting man by the name of Friedrich Miescher in 1869, a Swiss doctor, who discovered microscopic material on bandages after an operation. After Dr. Meischer’s initial isolation of the material, another doctor by the name of Albrecht Kossel in 1878 isolated the non-protein components of DNA and the five primary nucleobases. The understanding of the five bases was

Optimization following primer design. Once primers have been designed, the assay must be optimized including similar melting temperatures for all of the primers to allow the primers to be run in one thermal cycling protocol resulting in adequate amplification of all amplicons. Since a good indication of success of sequencing reactions is the quality of the PCR template, data collected in the validation process from argarose gels can be used to determine the percentage of time that an amplicon amplifies without problems as illustrated in the example in Figure 11.

The film “Cracking the Code of Life” discussed what DNA is and how understanding it gives us vital insight into how we work as human beings. It explained the Human Genome project and how the race to discover our entire genetic make-up impacted genetic science. It also discussed various ideas about DNA and genetics.

Similar to how the twentieth century was the era of prosperity of computing, the twenty-first century is the DNA era. The silicon age brought about remarkable changes in how we as a species think, operate and communicate. A chain reaction occurred, for with the advancements of the computer revolution, came the rise in the genetic revolution – a revolution that will indefinitely do for life what computing did for information. During this modernized age, we are on the brink of being able to transform, manipulate, and create organisms for any number of productive purposes. “From medicine, to agriculture, to construction and even computing, we are within reach of an age when manipulating the genetic codes of various organisms,

Genes hold biological information that must be copied accurately for transmission to the next generation. Before the DNA double helix was discovered two biological question were unanswered: how can information for specifying an organism be carried in chemical form? and how is it accurately copied? It was not until the 20th century when the DNA molecule was discovered and suggested answers to both these questions. (Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al, 2002) With the help of many scientists we now know exactly what the DNA molecule is, its structure, and its function. The knowledge gained throughout the years on DNA has allowed many things such as that of genetic genealogy. Knowing the structure of the DNA is what has helped/continues

The Reference Sequence (RefSeq) database is an open access, commented on and curated accumulation of freely accessible nucleotide successions (DNA, RNA) and their protein items. This database is worked by National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and, not at all like GenBank, gives just a solitary record to every characteristic natural atom (i.e. DNA, RNA or protein) for real life forms going from infections to microscopic organisms to eukaryotes.

As a sophomore student, I was introduced to biological sciences’ research method in which I was involved in a two consecutive semesters research project program, Science Education Alliance-Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science. The research project was combined with general biology I and classes’ lab work. At the first semester, my lab partner and I isolated a unique bacteriophage DNA and at the second semester, we annotated its sequenced genome. This was research published on E-life journal and I was contented be to an information contributor for this publication.

Computational biology became popular during the 1970’s when the price of computers decreased and they were easier to use and more readily available. Subsequently, this new technology was introduced primarily to store and manage data that was produced through genomic research. This then resulted in investigations to be completed in shorter amounts of time, which lead to larger investigations, leading to more data being produced. Thus, bigger and better computers were needed to manage the data that was generated. Hence, bioinformatics was used to create tools, algorithms and databases, which enabled comprehensive management of data. Therefore, as more and more data is being produced, the need for more powerful computers are needed in order to manage the data. Furthermore, due to large amount of data being generated, larger databases are required and more powerful tools are needed to manage and store the data.