Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina on GDP, Poverty and Migration 1990-2012

The Southeastern European country currently has a republic and since the country’s integration with the rest of the world has been a positive impact. The 2014 Index of Economic Freedom currently has the country as an overall score of 59.4 which gives it a rank of 95, meaning it is the 95th freest economy. To put this into perspective the country has a 59.4 while the world average is 60.3. However, in the regional average 67.1. The country’s today score is still a considerable improvement from its former years where in the early 2000’s it was hovering below 50 and even just above 40. The political situation in Serbia is continuing to develop especially with the international community. Serbia applied for membership into the European Union in 2009 and EU accession negotiations are projected early in 2014. Admission into the European Union would provide tremendous improvement socially, politically, and economically.

The Middle East has been characterized by a long chain of human migration ever since humans made their way into the region. Over the centuries, an area near the center of the Middle East that makes up the modern state of Iraq has experienced this constant flow of individuals from all over the region, many of who came for the fertile regions near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers along the Fertile Crescent. Fast forward to today and little has changed. In the wake of conflict such as the rise of the Islamic State, more people are facing displacement or being forced to migrate. A popular way to measure how people have migrated is through the amount of urbanization experienced in a country. In the wake of conflict starting near the end of the

Have you ever wanted explore at time other than the one you lived? I choose to analyze the July 1990-March 1991 recession that lasted for 8 months. Recession can occur at any point in time and can have a number of causes. In this paper, I will talk about what caused this recession, fiscal policy, monetary policy and end with recovery and expansion.

Violence and bloodshed within and among communities is perhaps the most salient and overarching problem to afflict the world since civilizations emerged. Academics and policy-makers have strove for stable peace amongst the world since the enlightenment, with little success. In order to curb the world’s rampant communal violence, agreeing upon the sources of conflict need is imperative. Many attribute today’s violence to economic forces, that unfairly dispersed economic gains have pitted the poor up against their richer counterparts. While economic factors might have used to be the main actors in fomenting conflict, their impact is being now being overshadowed by cultural factors. Two nations that exemplify the modern world’s main

WWII and the growth of Nationalism has left a huge impact on the world. Many new

All countries are part of a global economy that is constantly trying to develop and progress. Sometimes, however these developmental stages arrive in countries at different times, some later than others. With this lack of development emerges fragile states which may endanger not only themselves and neighbouring states but, also international security, peace, and overall global economy. These unstable countries, riddled with poverty pose an increasing threat towards causing intensified conflicts. To counter these threats and conflicts in attempts to keep and restore peace, international humanitarian interventions are often used. In theory, these humanitarian interventions are foolproof and in a perfect world would easily eradicate poverty. In

Additionally, current studies suggest that rapid urbanization and economic recession are variables required for the violent conflicts to happen (xxx, 54). This largely relates to the impacts of structural adjustment policies promoted by international financial institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank on poor nations (xxx, 55). Global economic recession, incapable economic and administrative organizations, and financial and fiscal bungle at the national level all contribute their part (xxx, 56). Unending economic problems prompt rising grievances in the population and among marginalized groups. Extended economic crisis squeezes tax revenues, and consequently debilitates all state establishments including the legal, the administration,

Flere’s journal investigates the social aspect of the dismemberment of the former Yugoslavia. He proposes that the break-up can be explained by examining certain structural and processual factors (political and cultural) which served as the perfect means of creating all the nations from the former Yugoslavia. Hence, because Yugoslavia was a melting pot of many ethnicities the conflict(s) that arose separated all of the states in such a fashion that it functioned as the perfect nation-building event.

One of the primary indicators used to judge the health of a country’s economy is the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is the total value of goods and services produced during a period of time. GDP was first developed by Simon Kuznets for a US Congress report in 1934. There are three ways of calculating GDP, the production approach, the income approach, and the expenditure approach, all of which should come up with the same basic results. GDP can be used to judge recession and recovery periods and how prosperous a country is. The author then discusses trends, statistics and forecasts for GDP.

A perfect, recent example of humanitarian intervention can be seen in Bosnia, when, in 1991, four of the six republics of the Yugoslavian federation declared independence, with various levels of violence accompanying. Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter ‘Bosnia’) suffered the worst brutality with the Muslim population (45%) being outgunned by the better equipped Serbs (32%) and the Croats (18%). (8) Ethnic cleansing, particularly as practised by the Serbs, included large-scale starvation and massacre of unarmed civilians. The UN Security Council authorized the deployment of a peacekeeping force whose mandate was later expanded to include more forceful military action. Although it is argued that the intervention helped bring about the end of the war in 1995, some 200, 000 people had already lost their lives. (3) While some coined the intervention in Bosnia as a failure, others hailed it as a triumph of human rights liberations. What is important to note is that the arguments for and against the Bosnian humanitarian intervention are similar to the arguments inherent in the majority of post-Cold war interventions.

The 1990s conflict in Kosovo is one that has been identified as a result of a long running and intractable dispute. The dispute identified is one between Kosovo’s Albanians or Kosovar, and the Serbians. The reasons for the dispute stem from several issues, each can be attributed to increasing the intractability of the conflict.

As far as economic decline it is consider, it is important to refer to GDP and

On the other hand, Fearon and Laitin concentrated on state capacity in building their model to predict the risk of war. They concluded civil war as the consequence of a weak central government; variables that measure state capacity, particularly instability, poverty and population, were selected in the process. Political instability reflects a government’s inability in counterinsurgency; poverty demonstrates its failure to provide welfare to the people; and a large population adds challenges to the overall balance and management of different regions. During the economic breakdown in Yugoslavia, facing public calls for urgent economic reform, the Communist government “blocked promising reform initiatives” in order to maintain the monopoly control of the government and the country’s industries. The mediocre Yugoslavian government failed to pull the nation out from poverty, which eventually led to the collapse of the Republic.

Inflation during this same period remained tame and the currency, the kuna, was stable. Economic slowdown in 2008 and has yet to recover; growth was stagnant or negative each year since 2009 (CIA). A high unemployment rate of twenty one percent and uneven regional development continues to be a problem. Croatia joined the European Union (EU) on July 1, 2013. The city of Zagreb has cut spending since 2012 to reduce public debt, sixty-six percent of the GDP. The county also raised additional revenues through a more stringent tax collection and raising Value Added Tax and the government has sought to accelerate privatization of non-strategic assets (CIA). Twenty-one percent of the population is below the poverty line (CIA). Industries in Croatia include: chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metals, electronics, aluminum, paper products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum, and tourism. Labor force consists of 1.715 million people (CIA). Exports are $12.36 billion and include: transport equipment, machinery, textiles, chemical, and fuels. Imports are $21.74 billion and include: machinery, transport and electrical equipment, chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and foodstuffs (CIA). Natural resources are oil, some coal, iron-ore, natural asphalt, clays, salt, and hydropower. The land consists of 15.85% arable land with1.47% permanent crops: wheat, corn, barley,

In this country analysis report, the current political, social and economic conditions of Lebanon have been shaped by historical events that will be discussed. The paper will elaborate the historical factors and events from the last century. As well as the current situation will also be presented in this paper. The main argument of the paper will focus on the factors from history are impacting the current situation of Lebanon. Lebanon had a horrific history under the Ottoman rule and from that time the country and its leadership struggled to give its people the way of life that was offered to citizens of Turkey and other Western countries. From the eve of World War, I to the current situation how people have survived and achieved their independence is also discussed in this paper. With the help of different questions set out for review and their answers, it will be evaluated that through which strategies the government is trying to reach a next level of development.