Serotonin Syndrome Research Paper

Arango and Mann are developing a positron emission tomography (PET) test that measures serotonergic system. This system would monitor the areas of the brain using serotonin "in patients who have the most skewed serotonin circuitry – and are therefore at highest risk of suicide". (2)

Treatment involves monitoring as well as physical and cognitive rest (reduction of such activities as school work, playing video games and text messaging).[1] Symptoms usually resolve within three weeks, though they may persist or complications may occur.[9]

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are utilized for their ability to reversibly block the reuptake of serotonin in the synaptic cleft. In order to understand the importance of these drugs, it is crucial to review the various regions of the brains that are influenced by serotonin and the implications of impaired functioning. A dysfunction in the hypothalamus region of the brain might lead to weight or appetite changes. Sleep disturbances are characterized by a dysfunction in the hypothalamus as well, along with the thalamus, basal forebrain, and prefrontal cortex. Thoughts of suicide and perceived feelings of guilt or worthlessness are associated with a dysfunction in the brain regions connected to our emotional well-being, including the amygdala, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex. Psychomotor agitation is linked

Fluoxetine is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and potent inhibitor of CYP2D6 activity. It was observed that the fluoxetine significantly inhibits metabolism of the tolterodine immediate release in an extensive metabolizers, resulting in the increase in tolterodine AUC. There was 52% decrease in Cmax and 20% decrease in the AUC of 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine. The sum of unbound serum concentrations

Biomedical approach treats physical symptoms of disorder such as anxiety, panic attacks and depressions. It states the cause is due to physiological factors and not psychological. The DSM-IV (APA, 2000) & ICD-10 (WHO, 1992) can be used to diagnose Joseph’s condition (depression). Various scans and blood tests can be used to determine the course of biomedical approach (e.g. medications or ECT). However, by looking at Joseph’s symptoms, he may benefit from drug therapy. Anti-depressants (e.g. Prozac) or anti-anxiety (e.g. valium) drugs are fast-responsive treatment and can be used for short-time to reduce Joseph’s physical symptoms. However, they do not provide complete cure to the disorder (Macleod, 1998), and may lead to physiological and psychological addiction. It also has little effect on negative symptoms such as social withdrawal and apathy.

Also, even once you find a medication that is helpful, it may take several weeks for symptoms to improve.

The patient’s case appears to be complicated. The patient is in the psychiatric unit, but also has a drug abuse issue. Studies have documented that psychiatric disorders and substance abusers frequently co-exist (Wynn, Landheim, & Hoxmark, 2013). SUD patients have “higher co-occurrence of psychiatric disorders” (Wynn et al., 2013, p.1). Moods and anxiety disorders such as depression are seen in SUD patients (Wynn et al., 2013). This is the case with the 19-year-old patient. It is sometimes difficult to properly diagnosis SUD and psychiatric disorders (Wynn et al., 2013). With that being said, the treatment of SUD and psychiatric disorders may be just as tricky and challenging. Therefore, John Hopkins’ psychiatric unit should seek to use more

The acute complications of will resolve within two to three weeks after completion of radiation treatment.

When this occurs, their symptoms become worse than usual day-to-day variation and will not subside for at least seven days.

01/11/16 Progress report by the requesting provider documented that the patient was unable to come to the appointment due to his physical condition and distance. Phone conversation with the patient was noted. He described his depression s mild. His sleep has been decreased. He uses CPAP machine. He enjoys being outside. He has occasional feelings of hopelessness. His energy and concentration have been fair. His appetite has decreased ad he has lost weight. He now weights 207 pounds. He denies any suicidal or homicidal ideation. Plan was to continue Pristiq 100 mg daily for depression. He also gets Temazepam, methocarbamol muscle relaxants, and Buspar. Patient education was discussed in detail about medication risks and benefits, adverse effects, side effects and therapeutic effects.

For responding patients, the median duration of response was 8.5 months. Four (16%) patients were progression free at 12 months. While, 28% of patients were alive at 12 months (Abdelghany et al. 2011).

In the Canterbury tales written by Chaucer, Chaucer uses them to describe his own position about the society he lives in. Chaucer lived in England during the 1300s-1400s, in which these times dealt with the church a lot. So, knowing that, Chaucer used a lot of his own beliefs and thoughts in his writings. He talks about The Monk, the Friar, the Summoner, and the Pardoner about how corrupt they were with the church. The Canterbury tales were used to expose the corruption of the Church’s, that’s how Chaucer wanted to bring this to light.

They are popularly referred to as being part of a continuum, the ability to successfully perform in productive activities and relationships, as opposed to the inability to do such things (Mental Illness Overview). Ever since the first edition of the DSM was published in 1952, scientists have studied how a person’s mind relates to their brain and whether the disorders they listed were organic or purely in the mind (Arben). Science has made extraordinary leaps in this aspect, as they have come to discover not only the biological change that causes mental illnesses, but they are also able to pin down even specific chromosomes linked to them. One in particular that has been heavily studied is depression, which is known to be related to a lack of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. Some of the more recently developed medications, known as SSRIs, block the receptors that recycle serotonin from taking in too much and allowing enough to carry proper signals throughout the brain (Johnson). While some people insist on the opinion that drugs such as these are overprescribed (Medications for Mental Illness Are Overprescribed), professionals use tested algorithms when determining whether a patient is in need of medication, and if so what medication to use (Restricting Medications for Mental Illness Harms Patients). These methods have been fine-tuned over the past few decades and are used treat a patient to their own personal needs, and to aid

symptoms, and these symptoms have to last for at least a two week period. Most people who

It can take up to 4-6 weeks before any results are seen and sometimes a combination of mediations are needed. The 2 most common types are: