Sex Determination By Amplification Of Amelogenin Gene From Dental Pulp Tissue By Pcr

Forensic odontology is the field of forensic science dealing with the recognition of unique attributes present in each individual's dental composition.[1]   This branch of forensics relies heavily on extensive and detailed knowledge of the teeth, jaws, and dental anatomy possessed by a dentist. In addition

Forensic odontologists are experienced medical professionals, who are trained dentist that help identify unknown remains through dental records. Forensic odontology offers the widest variety of working conditions out of all of the other dental specialties. Forensic odontologists have been an essential aspect in helping identify skeletal remains. Sometimes all that is left behind for evidence is the teeth of the subject. With only this evidence to work with, the odontologist is called upon to process the remains. Since teeth are made of enamel, the hardest substance the body produces, and can survive severe conditions and still be viable for analysis, they become a significant piece of evidence used in the identification of unknown subjects. .Even though teeth are just another part of the skull, the amount of info in one tooth makes it a subject unto itself .

“It’s amphibian DNA. But the phenomenon happens to be particularly well documented in frogs. Especially West African frogs, if I remember” (Crichton 373). In this part of the book, Dr. Alan Grant was explaining how a group of all-female velociraptors had managed to breed. Some amphibians, particularly West African frogs, can change sex in a same-sex environment for reproduction purposes. The velociraptors in the story were able

Disclaimer: I am not a DNA expert and am not going to pretend to be. I understand the basics of DNA testing for genealogy and

Especially with identifying the demographic characteristics of the bones, and it was made a point that even though Dr. Brennen knew approximately what the sex, age, ancestry, and stature of the remains were, they were not completely certain, because of the intermediate traits that were indistinguishable. No tests for the demographic characteristics are 100% accurate. They can give you a good estimate but will not be exact. Estimating sex using the skull is only 90% effective, while using the os coxa is 96%. But, it is better to use the entire skeleton, if it is available. In Dr. Brennen’s case, she did not always have the complete skeleton; the privy remains only provided her with the os coxa, and not the skull or hands, which could have been used in identification of the victim. Dr. Brennen, however, did not describe using the os coxa for sex estimation, just the skull. And another thing that is not very accurate is her using histology as a method for determining the sex of the individual. Histology is not used often and is very time consuming and expensive to

There were several steps used to acquire the colony necessary for the PCR. First a student forearm was swabbed using a cotton swab, the cells were then placed in an agar plate. DNA was then extracted from the cultured bacteria by using a technique to lyse the cells and solubilize the DNA, then enzymes were used to remove contaminating proteins. The DNA extraction consisted of a lysis buffer that contained high concentrations of salt for denaturing. Binding with the use of ethanol and a washing step to purify the DNA. The final step for the DNA extraction was elution where the pure DNA was release. Proceeding the extraction of DNA the results of the 16s gene amplification were examined through gel electrophoresis it was analyzed by estimating the size of the PCR bands with marker bands. After measuring the success of the extraction, a technique called TA cloning was started. Cloning of PCR products was done by using partially purified amplified products with

Figure 1 Gel Electrophoresis for Replication Taster PTC. The gel is composed of an ethidium bromide stained 3% agarose gel demonstrating DNA fragments which were a depiction of PCR amplification. The agarose gel contains nine loading samples, including from left to right, the MW marker lane 1 precision mol mass standard, lane 2 TB undigested PTC (5µl of DNA, 5µl of master mix P, and 2.5µl of loading dye), lane 3 TB digested PTC (5µl of DNA, 5µl of master mix P, 2µl Fnu4HI, and 3µl of loading dye), lane 4 TB A(L)DH G (10µl DNA, 10µl master mix G, and 5µl loading dye), lane 5 TB A(L)DH A (10µl DNA, 10µl master mix A, and 5µl loading dye), lane 6 MG undigested PTC (5µl of DNA, 5µl of master mix P, and 2.5µl of loading dye), lane 7 MG digested PTC (5µl of DNA, 5µl of master mix P, 2µl Fnu4HI, and 3µl of loading dye), lane 8 MG A(L)DH G (10µl DNA, 10µl master mix G, and 5µl loading dye), lane 9 MG A(L)DH A (10µl DNA, 10µl master mix A, and 5µl loading dye).

In other words, dental records are compared to teeth found to get a positive identification made. Dental records can find the age and many other biological features. In the text it states,”After that comes establishing a positive identification. The most common is dental records because almost all of us have been to a dentist and have had X-rays of our mouths.” This shows in cases where teeth are found the most common way forensic scientists use them is to establish an identity and biological profile.With this in mind, the text also states,”....because almost all of have been to a dentist and have X-rays of our mouths. But also DNA is important.” This shows that teeth help victim identification through data analysis. Lastly, anthropologist work with odontologist to help identify a

This paper explores the history of forensic odontology, the technologies of odontology, the requirements to pursue a career in forensic odontology, and two infamous cases that forensic odontology helped to reach a conviction of both Ted Bundy and Wayne Boden. Many of the sources used will cover multiple topics, but each topic will be addressed in its own paragraph and each topic will be gone into detail with explanation regarding why each piece of information was provided. Articles that cover the history of odontology will address both the beginnings of odontology and where odontology has come today. Articles covering the technologies of odontology will address how technologies have progressed and the origin of them. Articles containing details on how one may pursue a career in forensic odontology will cover educational requirements and recommendations from experts who have worked in the field for many of years. Articles pertaining to Ted Bundy and his respective case and Wayne Boden and his respective case will delve deep into how odontologists were able to match the two criminals to bite marks left on victims and ultimately convict them of their crimes.

It is assumed that everyone’s dentitions are unique to everyone. Forensic Odontology consists of applying dental knowledge to criminal and civil law cases, in identifying a potential suspect whose dentitions were left on a victim, deceased or alive through a bite mark. Human identification in forensic odontology consists of identifying a deceased victim through dental records and DNA from teeth that were possibly found at a possible crime scene. The teeth are then compared to dental data for a possible match of who’s identity the teeth may belong to (Franco, 2015). Many times, the use of Forensic Odontology identification is useful for identification purposes of those victims who suffered death due to a natural disaster. Human bite marks can be found on the skin of a living or deceased victim, adult or child, victim or

predict sex was better than postcranial measurements. Additionally, sexual dimorphic features show large variation within and between populations (Keen, 1950; Acsádi, and Nemeskeri, 1970; Workshop of European Anthropologists, 1980; Ubelaker, 1984; Krogman and İşcan, 1986). Some sites on the skull have shown a wide range within sex variation making them less reliable for sex determination. For example, a projecting nuchal crest is typically associated with a male skull but can also appear on a female skull, similarly non-projecting nuchal crests, typically associated with a female skull, can also appear on a male skull (Gulekon and Turgut, 2003; Klepinger, 2006). Yet, this and others, are still some of most commonly used sites for sexing. Keen (1950) expressed that because morphology is often related to size and robustness, determining sex is extremely difficult unless extreme features are expressed, such as a very small mastoid process that projects only a small distance for females and a massive mastoid process that projects a great distance from the inferior margins of the skull for males. Furthermore Meindl et al. (1985) and Walker (1995) have discussed that the morphology of sites on the skull of both sexes appear more masculine as the person ages, which would also hinder the accuracy of determining the sex of skeletal remains. Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994, p.16) also caution that "estimation of sex can be difficult if the observer is not familiar with the overall pattern

Our materials for the extraction of DNA included: the screwcap tubes, capless tubes, pipet tips, disposable transfer pipets, a foam microtube holder, a DI water bottle, a sharpie to label, a hot water bath, Non-GMO food, Test food, and a centrifuge. Our materials for the setup of the PCR reactions included: PCR tubes, screwcap tubes, pipet tips, an aerosol barrier, a foam microtube holder, a PCR tube holder, a 2-20 microliter micropipette, an ice bath, a sharpie to label, a plastic bag, a styrofoam cup with ice water, and a black tray with ice water. Finally, the materials for the electrophoresis of the PCR products included: Agarose gel, PCR sample tubes from previous labs, PCR tube holders, running buffers (300-350 ml), loading dye, a PCR molecular weight

Forensic odontology is a medical science that uses dental evidence in order to solve cases. Of all cases, it is most commonly used in missing and unidentified persons cases. In these cases, the remains of the person are too badly decomposed for either a fingerprint or visual identification. Odontology enables us to identify a person even after decades of decomposition. Even under extreme temperature and harsh conditions the teeth are still a reliable and accurate

Initial trials were performed in class of DNA extraction. This time strawberry was used. The process that was undertaken

This lab lacked an experimental hypothesis but an observational hypothesis was formed. The observational hypothesis mirrored the end results of how the offspring has short tandem repeats with the correct sire; not including the dam. Sire 2 and its offspring shared short tandem repeat 3, short tandem repeat 6, and short tandem repeat 8. The results are important because they show how an offspring obtains its DNA complexion from its parents. It is important to classify DNA because the fundamental purposes are based upon examining the prearranged short tandem repeats and forming an understanding of how gel electrophoresis works. The findings in this lab help to enhance the understanding of gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis can be used to