Sex Exercise : Sex Determination

One of the tools frequently incorporated by evaluators is the Multiphasic Sex Inventory-II (MSI-II), or MSI-II-A for adolescents. The MSI-II is the second version of the test, developed my Nichols and Molinder (Nichols & Molinder Assessments, Inc., 2010). The original MSI was developed in the 1970’s and 1980’s, and then in 1996, after years of research, was revised into the MSI-II (Nichols & Molinder, Inc., 2010; Craig et al., 2008). The MSI-II is a self-report measure, consisting of 560 True/False questions. The answer sheet requires submission to Nichols & Molinder Assessments, Inc. for scoring, interpretation, and a report (Nichols & Molinder Assessments, Inc., 2010). The report breaks down each offender’s

*. Low levels of _____ in the female embryo allow the normal development of female sex organs.

Gender being ‘biologically determined’ means that whether gender is inherited or passed down by genetics. If a person is a man or woman, (which is usually called ‘The Sex’), that is biologically determined because they inherit the chromosomes to be born a man, or to be born as a woman. In the early 1970’s sex was described by “biology as: anatomy, hormones, and physiology” (West and Zimmerman 1987). Apart from gender being a biological factor, there are other things which are not biologically determined; “Gender was an achieved status, which was constructed through psychological, cultural and social means” (West and Zimmerman1987). Hence the answer

b. Transnational trafficking of W – transportation of W from one country to another, usually for the purposes of prostitution

Biological sex is determined by chromosomes in your genes. At prenatal development, only a few weeks after conception, there is no notable difference between male and female structure until the Gonadal Ridges, the structure which develops either female or male sex organs, grows to determine the sex of the baby. All prenatal babies have genitalia that appears distinctly feminine until at three months, hormones- testosterone if the baby’s to be a boy, and oestrogen if the baby’s to be a girl- is released and the baby develops into the hormone determined gender. For these reasons it is believed that there is a direct link between chromosomes and sex, and therefore sex and

Y-linked genes typically determine sexual orientation, whereas X-linked genes typically determine an abundance of other traits because it’s much bigger than the Y-chromosome. Males are hemizygous because they lack a second copy of an X chromosome (XY), unlike women who have 2 (XX). This is why its much more common for a man to inherit an X-linked recessive disorder because they don’t have a second X chromosome to compensate. However, women can still express these traits and also be carriers if they are homozygous for the allele. A Barr body forms from the inactive X that

Judson contributes to onefs understanding of sex among different organisms in that she makes difficult concepts simple to comprehend. Although she uses scientific terminology, she limits it so that anyone can understand the technical information she shares. Judson also describes the types of environments in which each species and

Evidence supports that most likely, with male extinction comes primate extinction. This is because crucial maternal genes are sometimes activated through males on their Y- chromosomes (Marvan et al., 2005). But there is still a possibility, as the loss of the Y-chromosome after relocation of the SRY gene might prove successful for humans. However, evidence shows that when a Y-chromosome becomes functionless species are readily capable to adapt to male-less conditions (Marvan et al., 2005). Studies of the Y-chromosome have shown the importance of mapping out its evolutionary history in order to better understand why the Y-chromosome looks and functions the way it does. Its divergence outside of the monotremes showed that primates have ancestral Y- chromosome relationships with earlier mammals that independently evolved from other sex chromosome. Similarly, the variation of male specific genes, such as DAZ, display how significant the modification of the Y-chromosome truly can be. Its susceptibility to evolutionary pressures such as mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection. a The Y-chromosome’s potential for being preserved across lineages is relatively high. Although, some mutation can occur occasionally during

Observe skull sample and record the overall skull size, shape of forehead, supraorbital ridge, mastoid process, orbital shape, nuchal area and occipital protuberance and chin shape. Compare your observations with the information in lab book’s (table 8.1) characteristics to determine sex of the skull.

The Chi squared analysis supported that ratio matched our expected ratio (X²=3.0, p>0.05). This ratio suggests that the vestigial trait is autosomal recessive. It is thought to be autosomal because there is not a noticeable pattern between the traits that are expressed amongst males and females. The progeny of the cross between the sepia females and the wild type males also displayed a 3:1 ratio. This ratio lined up with our expected ratio (X²=0.09, p>0.05).

The respiratory system and circulatory system are both critical to the life of a mammal. The respiratory and circulatory systems depend on each other greatly. An organism needs both systems to be functioning in order to sustain life. Oxygen needs to be exchanged throughout the body, and the respiratory system and circulatory system are the modes of transportation for the oxygen. The respiratory system establishes the breathing of an animal by the transfer of oxygen, which in return allows the circulatory system to work. According to Barilleaux (2014), the gap between respiratory tissues and aerobic tissues was bridged by the circulatory system.

Yet, this and others, are still some of most commonly used sites for sexing. Keen (1950) expressed that because morphology is often related to size and robustness, determining sex is extremely difficult unless extreme features are expressed, such as a very small mastoid process that projects only a small distance for females and a massive mastoid process that projects a great distance from the inferior margins of the skull for males. Furthermore Meindl et al. (1985) and Walker (1995) have discussed that the morphology of sites on the skull of both sexes appear more masculine as the person ages, which would also hinder the accuracy of determining the sex of skeletal remains. Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994, p.16) also caution that "estimation of sex can be difficult if the observer is not familiar with the overall pattern of variability within the population from which the sample" they are evaluating is drawn and so as a consequence can reduce accuracy in determining sex.

They all have the XX or XY gene, so what if are Sapphic, still come from the ovaries and placenta

Andrea Smith was taking notes for her biology exam. Her professor has told her that the exam would cover, in part,

the definition of sex-linked genes, and examples of sex-linked genes in humans and other organisms