Shifting the Medical Gaze: Towards a Feminist Ethic of Childbirth

This means recognizing each woman’s social, emotional, physical, spiritual and cultural needs. It also acknowledge that a woman and her newborn baby does not exist independently of the woman’s social and emotional environment. This includes incorporating an understanding in assessment and provision of health care (Yanti et al., 2015). The fundamental principles of women-centred care ensures a focus on pregnancy and childbirth as the start of family life, not just as isolated clinical episodes. These motherhood phases take into complete account the meaning and the values of each woman. Providing women centred care helps women make an informed choices, being involved in and having control over their own care, this also includes their relationship with their midwives (Johnson et al., 2003). This demonstrates that midwives are able to attend for women during pregnancy, childbirth and in early parenting years. In addition to this, midwives also provide education for women in order to have a healthy lifestyle (Woods et al.,

After having less liberty than desired under the care of an Obstetrician while delivering my older sister, my mum decided to seek care from a Midwife for her last two delivers. In comparison to her reflections about her first birth, when recalling my birth she remains enthused about the respect, care and freedom her Midwife gave her. The impact self-governance has on birth always strikes me when my mum speaks of her experiences. It is evident that allowing laboring women to assume ownership of their own bodies affects them, and subsequently their children, for a

Robin Yates’s paper, “Pregnancy and Childbirth, The 1800’s vs. Now: What to Expect When You’re Not Expecting,” was filled with many clear points on the advancement of labor and medicine since the 1800s. This essay was filled with interesting and grabbing facts; however, the structure of the essay needs more support.

Joseph, I tend to agree with you that pregnancy and childbirth in the United States is linked to big social issues. It seems to me fear of safety has been put in the minds of expecting parents and this fear makes them doubt nature and their own body’s way of delivering a baby. The Business of Being Born documentary was also an eye opener for me. I had no idea what Twilight sleep did to women in the past. I wonder, will our grandchildren look back on the way we deliver babies today and question what we were even thinking? Will they see the practices today and think we were barbaric? It seems to me we have taken a few steps backward, when it comes to pregnancy and childbirth, even though technology has moved forward.

The medical industrial complex (MIC) holds many influences in the care of women, especially poor marginalized women. MIC is simply a platform of the network among corporations that supply health care services and products to make money. Oparah and Bonaparte explain how the individual’s ability to pay determines the quality of care they receive (Oparah & Bonaparte, 2015, pg. 4). In relations to birthing, hospitals aren’t a place for an intimate connection between a woman that’s about to give birth and their newborns. It’s more of a time efficiency center where doctors (mainly white men) would purposely perform cesarean deliveries to not only save time, but to make a

The early twentieth century was a turning point in American history-especially in regards to the acquisition of women's rights. While the era was considered to be prosperous and later thought to be a happy-go-lucky time, in actuality, it was a time of grave social conflict and human suffering (Parish, 110). Among those who endured much suffering were women. As Margaret Sanger found out, women, especially those who were poor, had no choice regarding pregnancy. The only way not to get pregnant was by not having sex- a choice that was almost always the husband's. This was even more true in the case of lower-class men for whom, 'sex was the poor man's only luxury' (Douglas, 31). As a nurse who assisted in delivering

For hundred of years, women have wrestled with their womanhood, bodies, and what it means to be a woman in our society. Being a woman comes with a wonderful and empowering responsibility--giving birth. What sets us aside from other countries is that the process and expectations of giving birth has changed in our society; coming from midwifery, as it has always been since the early times, to hospitals where it is now expected to give birth at. Midwifery was a common practice in delivering babies in

Women across the U.S. were fighting for reproductive rights. The fight was intense due to women not being able to do decisions for themselves. Since the beginning of civilization, women were expected to produce children from marriage to menopause, in a constant battle to birth more children than died in utero, in infancy, or of childhood disease. The birth and mortality rates were so high that women had to have a stop to it. American white women were considered to be the ones having the most children. In 1800 American women were bearing an average of 7.04 children; 5.21 in 1860; and 3.56 in 1900. During this time the rates were so high because the typical women of the household was supposed to be the one at home cleaning, cooking, taking

Mary Fissell’s book Vernacular Bodies: The Politics of Reproduction in Early Modern England can be classified as a medical journal of women’s bodies and how people viewed women’s bodies, in Medieval Europe. Using midwife manuals, and other books dedicated to pregnancy and the birthing process, Fissell takes the reader back in time, to show what women in the medieval ages, had to go through. The most important aspects that Fissell talks about are during the 15th and 16th centuries, when women were beginning to “come into their own” so to speak, and speak out for themselves, while still under the stereotypes that men had of them.

The modern world is in the midst of reconstructing gender roles; debates about contraception, reproductive freedom, and female inequality are contentious and common. The majority now challenges the long established assertion that women’s bodies are the eminent domain of patriarchal control. In the past, a woman’s inability to control her reproductive choices could come with ruinous consequences. Proponents of patriarchal control argue against reproductive independence with rhetoric from religious texts and with anecdotes of ‘better days,’ when women were subservient. Often, literature about childbearing fails to acknowledge the possibility of women being uninterested in fulfilling the role of motherhood.

According to “Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary America,” women and couples planning the birth of a child have decisions to make in variety of areas: place of birth, birth attendant(s), medication, preparedness classes, circumcision, breast feeding, etc. The “childbirth market” has responded to consumer concerns, so its’ important for prospective consumers to fully understand their options. With that being said, a woman has the choice to birth her child either at a hospital or at home. There are several differences when it comes to hospital births and non-hospital births.

Reading descriptions in medical texts, Martin wondered how male-oriented views from textbooks matched so cohesively with those of the interviewees. After some research, Martin realized the thought process of woman during labor matched the text book definitions due the definitions men witnessed during childbirth and illustrated in text books and woman culturally internalized and learned through ideology as a description of contractions vs. giving birth.

Women make up just slightly over half the U.S population (US Census Bureau, 2010) and should not be even considered a part of a minority group. The female population should acquire the same equal research attention as men do, especially when it comes to health issues. The unavoidable, yet quite simple realities of breastfeeding, menstruation, menopause, along with pregnancy require special scrutiny from medical experts. Those medical specialties are generally referred as gynecologists or obstetrics, who focus on the exclusive needs of a female’s reproductive health throughout their lifespan. Historically, the health needs of women have been disregarded as well as their fundamental rights. However, over the past few decades, it has grabbed the media and the government’s attention causing some major changes in support of women’s rights and health care.

Wittig uses Marxist “natural division of labor” to reinforce gender as a social category in contrast to critique the idea that maternity defines women in society. She states that “Marxism leads to two results for women: the order of men and women was assumed to be natural and the conflict between men and women was hidden behind a “natural division of labor” (Wittig p.184). The division of labor among the gender dictates that women can give birth and men doing the heavy lifting which is considered “natural” because their biological predisposition. A woman’s biological predisposition allows her to do certain things that her male counterparts cannot do. By admitting that there is a ‘natural’ division between women and men due to the social order that society has instilled in the individual for a very long time.

the woman's body is always in one sense the conduit for patriarchal succession. So much, first, for woman as wife; potential gestational vessel awaiting the biological imprint of the male will.'