Shigella Flexneri Research Paper

Using the information found in the Gram Negative Enteric Baccilli and Gram Positive Cocci Reference books,

Bacteria are ubiquitous; they can be found on the skin, in the soil, and inside the body. Because of the very nature of this ubiquity, it is important to be able to determine between different strains of bacteria. An example of this is determining the causative agent for a disease so that the patient will be treated with the appropriate antibiotics. It may be important to determine the bacteria in a certain region, because like with enteric bacteria, it is normal to find them in the digestive tract as they are in a symbiotic relationship with our bodies in this area; however, they also cause opportunistic infections in places outside of the digestive tract to our detriment, such as with a urinary tract infection. Some strains of bacteria are common to nosocomial infections, and identifying these bacteria as such helps create the guidelines for healthcare workers in antiseptic technique. All of the morphology and characteristics of each strain of bacteria help us to better understand the role of bacteria in the body as well as helps us understand how they can cause illness, and what treatment regimen to set in place. In lab this semester, a sample of unknown

In chapter 18, there are many different perspectives of freedom from different kinds of people during the 1900's to 1916's. The first group of people that had a view of freedom was the Mexican Americans. When they came to the United States because they knew that this is the land of freedom. There were many Mexican families that have come over to have a better life. One of those families is the Santella family, which was interviewed by Manuel Gamio, who was a sociologist. The Santella family lived in San Antonio and has lived there and who has owned many properties all over the place. Mrs. Santella has expressed her feelings about living in the U.S and that she loves the fact that is free. She loves living here in the U.S.A because he daughters are safe and that they do not have to worry about any dangers like they faced back in Mexico. They finally have a perfect place to live in for the rest of their lives. (Foner,74-76)

Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes 73,000 illnesses in the United States annually. A review of E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to better understand its epidemiology. E. coli O157 outbreaks revealed that in that period, 49 states reported 350 outbreaks, representing 8,598 cases, 1,493 (17%) hospitalizations, 354 (4%) hemolytic uremic syndrome cases, and 40 (0.5%) deaths. Clinical laboratories began examining more stool specimens for E. coli O157. In 1994, E. coli O157 became a nationally notifiable infection, and by 2000, reporting was mandatory in 48 states. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was first recognized as a pathogen in 1982 during an outbreak investigation of hemorrhagic colitis.

The genome of E. coli 0157:H7 was recently sequenced and contains 1,387 new genes absent in non pathogenic strains. Analysis of the genome suggests that there are a variety of potential virulence genes that have yet to be explored, including fimbrial and other adhesions, secretion systems, and toxins. Many of the virulence genes are similar to those associated with pathogenesis in Salmonella and Shigella. Most of them are found on pathogenicity islands from viral DNA that is transmitted to the bacteria through the activity of a lysogenic phage. The two most important toxins, Stx1 and Stx2 (for shiga-toxin) are found on such islands and are composed of 5 B subunits surounding an active A component, which is transported into the cell after the

Giada De Laurentiis is now speaking out and revealing that after divorce she is dating once again. The rumors have been flying for a while now that she was dating Bobby Flay and Giada is even speaking out to reveal if he is the new man in her life or not. E! Online shared about how Giada De Laurentiis was on The Wendy Williams Show and did admit that she has moved on. No matter what Wendy said to Giada, she couldn't convince her to tell her who the new guy is though. Of course this made everyone start to wonder if she really might be dating fellow chef Bobby Flay.

There is one vaccine available, Zostavax, which is recommended for use once you turn 60. Even patients who do not recall having had chickenpox should receive the vaccine, since the vast majority of people actually did have it in childhood.

Ampicillin, penicillin, streptomycin all sulphafurazole all were resistant to the bacteria as it may have grown a mutation.

Shigella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, nonspore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacteria. The genus is named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who first discovered it in 1897. The causative agent of human shigellosis, Shigella causes disease in primates, and is the only naturally found in humans and apes. Shigella is one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhea worldwide and it is suggested that Shigella causes about 90 million cases of severe dysentery, with at least 100,000 of these resulting in death each year. Shigella originates from a human-adapted E. coli that has

O157:H7 strain of E. coli that sickened 40 people in eight states (Glausiusz 1). Additionally,

The first things civilians can do is minimize their use of antibacterial soap. Most soaps like this advertise that it kill 99.99% of all bacteria and it does. Unfortunately it kills both good and bad bacteria, which means it leaves the .01% to continue to build it immunity against the antibiotic. Instead of using the antibacterial soaps it is better to wash ones hands with regular soap and hot water. This simply removes the bacteria from the surface of the hands instead of dowsing the bacteria with chemicals that they will eventually become immune to. Civilians may think that using regular soap will not be as effective however in the article “The Dawn of the Domestic Superbug” author Pat Thomas elaborates on a study done on the topic,” Even so, five years ago the American Medical Association (AMA) issued a startling statement saying that antibacterial soaps were no more effective against germs than common soap” (par. 5). The article later goes on to explain more recent

Between the 1st of June and the 28th of June there was a huge outbreak of Escherichia Coli bacteria in Germany that affected 3,091 people. These people were affected with bloody diarrhoea, 47 of which died as a result of the bacteria. It also caused Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) in 838 people - leading to kidney failure, which when investigated was proved to be down to the Shiga toxin that was produced by the E. coli strain. HUS is an abnormal premature destruction of the red bloods cells. The damaged red blood cells then can clog up the filtering system which leads to kidney failure.

After inoculating two cultures from a liquid test tube that was given by the instructor, several different test were performed in order to identify the each culture's characteristics. By comparing all the results to the unknown key chart, Unknown #1 concluded to be Staphylococcus epidermidis. It ended up negative results for gelatinase test, casein hydrolysis, oxidase test and motility test; while positive results for catalase test, nitrate reduction and MSA plate. The phenol red broths test showed that S. epidermidis had the ability to ferment when glucose, lactose or sucrose is present; however it did not have the ability to perform fermentation with the presence of mannitol. Unknown #2 concluded to be Shigella flexneri since it tested negative

Schistomsoma mansoni is a parasite that infects humans. First described by Sir Patrick Manson. It is a trematode, which is a parasite that is considered a fluke. It is an internal parasite of mollusks and humans. This parasite is the cause of the disease known as schistosomiasis. During the life cycle, the parasite has two different hosts that help its survival. The single intermediate host is the freshwater snail; this is where the parasite goes through many asexual reproductive stages. Then on to a definitive host, a human, where the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction. The parasite is long and slim like worm with a funnel shaped oral sucker with a second pediculate sucker. The outer layer of the parasite

Although data to support the use of alternatives to penicillin is limited, options for non-pregnant patients who are allergic to penicillin may include doxycycline, tetracycline, and for neurosyphilis, ceftriaxone. (1) These therapies should be used only in conjunction with close clinical and laboratory follow-up to ensure appropriate serological response and cure. People who receive syphilis treatment must abstain from sexual contact with new partners until the syphilis sores are completely healed. (1) People with syphilis must notify their sex partners so that they also can be tested and receive treatment if necessary. (1)