Shock Prep

The systemic inflammatory response is the next step in the continuum and is a nonspecific inflammatory state that may be seen with an infection. Sepsis is the presence of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with evidence of infection. As the bacteria invade the bloodstream, they release endotoxins that damage the endothelial cell lining and impair the vascular system, coagulation mechanism, and immune system. These endotoxins also trigger the immune and inflammatory responses, which results in the activation of macrophages and CD4 cells that release proinflammatory cytokines to create a systemic inflammatory response to the pathogen. Hospitalized patients may quickly progress from bacteremia to sepsis and finally to septic shock, even with treatment.

Sepsis is a life-threatening and potentially fatal condition caused by the body’s reaction to an infection. Sepsis occurs when chemicals normally released in the bloodstream to fight infection trigger inflammation throughout the body. This can result in damage to multiple organs, which can cause organ damage and, in some cases, death.

Studies show that 43% to 76% of all the severe sepsis presentations are initially detected in the ED [9]. For the patients who died in hospital within 72 hours of ED attendance but were not admitted to ICU, the most common reason was a delay or absence of suitable treatments [20]. M eanwhile, the length of stay of the patients in the ED who need to be transferred to ICU may increase due to capacity limitations of the ICU [10]. These patients are recommended to receive early goal-directed therapy (EGDT ) and the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle, as suggested by Surviving Sepsis Campaign (Dellinger, et al. 2008). This approach involves adjustments of cardiac preload, afterload, and contractility to balance oxygen delivery with oxygen demand [19]. Several studies applied the scoring systems that were initially developed for the ICU environment directly to the ED. For example, Nguyen et al. (2008) used APACHE II and SAPS to obtain a result that these existing scoring systems have limited ability to identify non-survivors from survivors (Nguyen, et al. 2008). Thus, developing a scoring system specifically targeting the ED has received increasing interest. Shapiro et al. (2003) developed a prospectively validated scoring system, Mortality in ED Sepsis (MEDS) (Shapiro, et al., 2003). Early warning score (EWS) systems were

Sepsis is referred as a bacterial infection within the bloodstream or body tissues throughout the body (Bacterial). Commonly defined as a presence of infection

Sepsis is a critical condition caused by an overreacting immune response to an infection. Most of the time, such infection are caused by bacteria. When a person is being infected, chemicals are released into the bloodstream to fight off infection. This may result in multiples inflammation found within the body. Inflammation can trigger a cascade of event which may cause multiple organ damage, leading to multiple failure of organs where the body is unable to function normally. In worst scenario, infection can lead to an increase in low blood pressure which rapidly leads to the failure of several organs causing death. Besides causing inflammation, it also causes increased in coagulation, decreased fibrinolysis and decreases the

This clinical report will be discussing the potential life threatening effects “from cellulitis to septic shock”. Cellulitis is the starting cause of an infection that will lead through the sepsis cycle, finishing with the severe part septic shock (Swartz, 2004). Analysation of the interrelationships between localised infection, systemic inflammation response syndrome (SIRS), and the sepsis course will be discussed throughout this report. Additionally, this report will incorporate comprehensive detail of the physiological systemic weakening that can prompt septic shock. Finally, in-depth details about the investigation towards the red flags of disintegration, for example, intense respiratory trouble disorder will be analysed.

The term “sepsis” has been around since prehistoric times. Hippocrates presented the word sepsis 2400 years ago to represent a condition where an overwhelming infection leads to tissue breakdown with rotting, foul odour, and disease. The ancient Roman scholar and writer (116 BC–27 BC), Marcus Terentius Varro mentioned that “small creatures, invisible to the eye, fill the atmosphere, and breathed through the nose cause dangerous diseases.”

Sepsis also known as blood infection, primarily caused by bacteria is a major global healthcare problem claiming more than 600,000 infant lives, most of them in least developed and developing countries. Apart from Infants it is more common in elderly people and those with weak immune system. Sepsis occurs when the body's effort to fight an infection results in the immune system damaging tissues and organ. This chaotic response, designed to protect us, causes widespread inflammation, leaky blood vessels and abnormal blood clotting resulting in organ damage. In severe cases

The modern nurse is expected to have a certain level of medical expertise that is beyond simple care and advocacy. The nurse is expected to understand complex physiological relationships, pharmacology, and have a certain academic expertise that sets the field to a higher plane. As the medical world becomes more complex, the bar rises throughout the pyramid, and

According to Elsevier, “Sepsis is defined as a severe infection that occurs after bacteremia of gram-negative bacilli (most common) or gram-positive cocci. Septic shock is mediated by a complex interaction of hormonal and chemical substances through an immune system response to bacterial endotoxins”. http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-0-323-09137-4/id/B9780323091374000059_p16455. Sepsis occurs when the body becomes infected with an infection that takes over the entire circulatory system and the body reacts to the infection by decreasing the blood pressure increasing the pulse, increase in rate and force of the heart, which results in sympathetic nervous system stimulation which affects every part of the body. Increase in heart

Sepsis is generally considered as a life threatening condition in which the body is fighting a severe infection that has spread via the bloodstream i.e. the body show severe response to bacteria/other germs. This response may be called as (SIRS).This means that Sepsis develop when the chemicals the immune system releases into the bloodstream to fight an infection which usually cause inflammation in the whole body. This inflammation may result in organ damage.

Sepsis is the result of an uncontrolled activation of the inflammatory cascade resulting in lesions of cells and organs and is defined as the combination of the infection and physiological pathological changes collectively known as the systemic inflammatory

Basically, when the immune system reacts in a tremendous way toward certain infection, it may produce more chemicals and cytokines than the normal range in the blood stream. However, as the range of these chemicals increase, it may induce blood clots which as it circulates in they body may block the blood supply to some tissues or damage other organs (World Sepsis Day., n.d.).

Septicemia is the 10th leading cause of death and has been around for many years. Like any disease, there are common symptoms and treatments, but the real cause and right solution may not be known for a long time. Septicemia has been around but only recently have clinical definitions come about. The people who are at more risk of Sepsis (another name for Septicemia) are people with weak immune systems, such as the elderly, people with diseases such as AIDS or people with cancer. Newborns are at risk as well as people who have just undergone a medical procedure.

Sepsis continues to be a major cause of death and morbidity in the intensive care unit (ICU), with documented mortality rates as high as 50% (Nargis, Ibrahim, & Ahamed, 2014). It is also estimated to be the principal cause of death and illness worldwide (Singer et al., 2016). Moreover, the socioeconomic costs related to sepsis were determined to be more than $20 billion in 2011 in the United States (Balk et al., 2017). Also, there has been a steady increase in the incidences of sepsis as the technological advances in medicine allow for more invasive procedures, the growth of multi-drug resistant organisms, and an aging demographic (Nargis, Ibrahim, & Ahamed, 2014). Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment of sepsis is paramount. Even a one-hour delay in treatment has been associated with increased mortality rates of 5%-10% (Mehanic & Baljic, 2013; Sawaya, Chedid, & Majzoub, 2017). Isolation of microbiological cultures have traditionally been held as a definitive diagnosis of sepsis. However, result times for these cultures are typically 48-72h and may