Short Term Pain Research Paper

However, Jenner’s invention became a common practice only a few years after he released it to the public, and according to The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia, “By 1890 smallpox had virtually been eradicated from Britain.” (“Jenner, Edward (1749-1823)”) From the information about the first vaccination, we can see that vaccinations have been proven to eliminate deadly diseases, whether they receive opposition or not. Without immunizations, we would be overcome with diseases, such as smallpox, polio, and measles.

The history of vaccinations begin with Edward Jenner, the country doctor from Gloucestershire who found, growing on cows, a nearly harmless virus the protected people from smallpox. Jenner’s vaccine was safer, more reliable, and more durable than variolation, and it is still the only vaccine to have eliminated its reason for being-in 1980, when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the disease extinct. For nearly a century and a half, smallpox was the only vaccine routinely administered, and it saved millions of lives . But the controversy that marked the return of the vaccine, amid bioterrorism hysteria in 2002, was only the latest twist in the remarkable, mysterious life of vaccines.

The concept of vaccines, basically exposure to a disease to trick the body into forming immunity, has been controversial from its beginnings. The history of vaccines began in 1796 with Edward Jenner, a doctor from England, who performed the first immunization (Alexandra, Markel, 2005). Edward Jenner showed that a certain level of immunity could be accomplished by dosing patients with cowpox, which is a close relative of smallpox (Alexandra, Markel, 2005). He then tried, without success, to infect that same

The discovery all began in 1796 when Edward Jenner decided to test a local theory that if a person contracted cowpox they were immune to smallpox. Cowpox is a very similar disease, but is generally found in animals. It can however be contracted by farmers and others close to the sick animal. “Jenner extracted pus from a cowpox scab and inserted it into an incision on the arm of an eight-year-old boy. Although the child contracted a mild virus, he recovered quickly, developing antibodies that built up his immunity to both cowpox and smallpox” (The Feverish Roots). From that he shared his findings and vaccinations were born and are still used today. With the use of vaccinations there comes great benefits. “In a 2005 study on the economic impact of routine childhood immunization in the United States, researchers estimated that for every dollar spent, the vaccination program saved more than $5 in direct costs and approximately $11 in additional costs to society” (Vaccines). Instead of putting people through lots of trouble and hard times when they get ill. It is easier and better for society to be protected by having everyone vaccinated in the first place. “Vaccines protect not only yourself but also others around you” (Vaccines). Because of vaccinations the following illnesses have been completely eliminated if not all then at a large

In 1796, Edward Jenner created the first vaccine, but his discovery was an accident. Even though his discovery was an accident, Jenner’s discovery had revolutionized the medical world, and since his discovery, many more vaccines have been created. These vaccines can be very beneficial, so people should get vaccinated because it prevents diseases, stops outbreaks, prevents isolation among people, and exceeds the risks associated with vaccines.

Adequate pain assessment is essential for measuring the efficacy of treatment in clinical practice, provide patient with target pain treatment, and avoid the high number of non-responders.15 Clinically, valuable pain assessment would associate certain signs and symptoms that comprise the pain phenotype with underlying mechanisms.15 Methods such as quantitative sensory testing, functional imaging, skin biopsies and genetic screening are assessment tools provide valuable information regarding the neurobiology of pain.15 However, these tools are expensive, require technical expertise and not suitable for routine assessment of a patient’s pain.15 Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish biopsychosocial pain profiling of multiethnic

Vaccinations are designed to help people go through their everyday life without the worry of many life threatening illnesses. Edward Jenner, known as “The Father of Immunology” was the first to administer vaccines in 1796 (Grove). Throughout history, many have falsely convinced themselves that the risk factors outweigh the efficiency of vaccines. However, vaccinations have developed to be more effective and safer for the human body. Vaccinations have been proven to make both children and adults immune to serious diseases. By vaccinating your child, you are not only protecting them, but also others around them. Many are learning of the importance of vaccinating the hard way, with much regret. Vaccines are a crucial tool for preventing disease and should be mandatory for parents to have administered to their children, regardless.

The epidemic of smallpox is one of the most groundbreaking moments in medical history, It created the usage of vaccination to be extremely normal. Smallpox had managed to kill millions of people, which was a large part of the population at the time. Edward Jenner came up with a vaccine that could treat the illness and doctors were easily able to diagnose individuals. The process took a merely It only took around fourteen years to see that smallpox was no longer something people needed to fear. A vaccine is defined as any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer immunity against a specific disease, usually employing a harmless form of the disease agent, as killed or weakened bacteria or viruses, to stimulate antibody

The history of vaccines and immunization all started because of Edward Jenner, a country doctor who was living in Berkeley, England, who in 1796 performed the world 's first vaccination. Jenner had an interest in natural history and animal biology sparked his medical understanding of the human- animal trans-species boundaries in disease transmission. Jenner benefitted from his training as a wide-ranging generalist with a broad knowledge of medicine and science. In the 1800, 100,000 people had been vaccinated in Europe, and the vaccination process had begun in the United States as well. In the twentieth century, as vaccinations started to sky rocket, more and more vaccinations were developed; vaccination was adjudicated by the government and was eventually required for children to attend public school.

In 1796, Edward Jenner showed the world that the vaccine against cowpox also gave protection against the smallpox disease. Ever since Jenner 's discovery, the main principles of vaccines has gained more acceptance through the years of practice. In 1816, 20 years after Edward Jenner 's discovery, Sweden would create a compulsory vaccine for smallpox, which will eradicate the disease in many countries (Ortqvist et al). By noticing the long-lasting effects of vaccinations in people, one can understand the importance of a well-informed society.

Each individual person tolerates pain differently. Some people need to take pain medicine while others don’t. When you visit the doctor, you are asked if you are in any pain. It is measured on a scale of 0 to 10 with 0 being the least pain felt and 10 being the highest. Pain, depending on the location, can be described as chronic, radiating, and even severe. There are different types of pain medications for different pain levels. Medications that are used to relieve pain are called analgesics. They may come in different forms such as injection (intravenous and intramuscular), tablets, and ingestible liquids. Dosage depends on the pain level and condition of a patient. Should the dosage need changing, it should be made by the patient’s doctor. The different categories of analgesic drugs are: salicylate/nonsalicylate, NSAIDs, narcotic/combination of nonnarcotic, and a combination of narcotic and nonnarcotic drugs (Turley, p. 402).

Human beings have benefited from vaccines for more than two centuries, but the journey leading up to the discovery of vaccines was neither easy nor short. The story starts with Edward Jenner, a country doctor living in Berkeley, England (Stern and Howard, Paragraph. 6). Mentioned before, Jenner was a country doctor, which means that he helped treat and care for animals found amongst the countryside, like chickens, horses, and even cows. Because Jenner knew how to treat animals that were so much like humans in terms of anatomy and illness, he was able to apply some of his knowledge to create something that would be used for years to come. First, Jenner took pus from a cowpox lesion on a milkmaid’s hand and injected it into eight-year-old James

No one likes to feel pain but it is unavoidable in some circumstances. Pain can be caused due to many factors. You could get a paper cut, suffer an injury or may be involved in an accident even. There are numerous situations in day-to-day life which could lead to pain. You can say that pain is an aspect of living. Pain is a medium of communication between you and your body. If you do not feel pain then you would remain unaware of your surroundings. Whatever is wrong with your body is communicated to you through pain. It is a feelings which can be induced by numerous means. Vigorous activity, trauma, inflammation and other factors can lead to flaring of receptors on body surface. You can feel pain due to injury to internal organs as well. Neurological disturbance or malfunction of spinal cord

Pain control continues as a major focus in health care. The Joint Commission and the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) identified pain management as a measure of quality healthcare and patient satisfaction, both of which are tied to federal reimbursement. Additionally, the HCAHPS survey publicizes perceptions patients have of their hospital experience by asking questions such as, “How often did hospital staff do everything they could to help you with your pain?” (Hcahpsonline, 2009). OSF Saint Anthony Medical Center (OSF) runs in the xth percentile in the area of pain management. It is imperative, then, that we continue to seek ways to minimize pain that is experienced in the acute hospital

A British physician named Edward Jenner changed the world of health and medicine forever with the creation of vaccines. In 1796 Edward Jenner used matter from cowpox pustules to protect patients against the smallpox disease (Introduction to vaccine safety, n.d.) . This method proved to be successful and since then many vaccines have been created based on this method to help further protect millions of people against various diseases. Unfortunately though there are many people in today's society who believe that vaccines really do far more damage than good. Many of the people who disagree with the use of vaccines will not only refuse to be treated with vaccines, they will also try to convince others that the use of vaccines should be