Sickle Cell Disease ( Ocd )

Sickle Cell Disease is an illness that affects people all across the globe. This paper will give a description of the sickness through the discussion of the causes, symptoms, and possible cures. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a "group of inherited red blood cell disorders."(1) These disorders can have various afflictions, such as pain, damage and a low blood count--Sickle Cell Anemia.

Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disorder that mostly affects people of African ancestry, but also occurs in other ethnic groups, including people who are of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern descent. More than 70,000 Americans have sickle cell anemia. And about 2 million Americans - and one in 12 African Americans - have sickle cell trait (this means they carry one gene for the disease, but do not have the disease itself).

Sickle cell disease is a disease that is most prevalent in people of African descent along with people of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern origin. This disease is known to affect about 70, 000 Americans and about 2 million people carry the trait (meaning that, they carry a single gene mutation).

Sickle cell crisis is an acute form of sickle cell disease where pain and sickling are extensive (Byar, 2013). SCD is a genetic disease that predominantly affects black people of African decent (Gersten, 2016). Abnormal hemoglobin chains are the main issue with SCD (Byar, 2013). Normal hemoglobin chains are comprised of 99% hemoglobin A (HbA) however, in SCD an abnormal form of the gene, hemoglobin S (HbS) is present in approximately 40% of total hemoglobin (Byar, 2013). In order for a person to be born with SCD, both parents must carry the abnormal gene, HbS (Byar, 2013). HbS is extremely sensitive to the changes in oxygen amount of the RBC and when exposed to decreased oxygen the HbS cause the RBC to distort and become sickle-shaped,

The impeded blood flow also causes swelling of the patient 's hands and feet. In addition, the abnormal shaped red blood cells cause damage to the spleen, an organ that helps fight against infection (4). Subsequently, patients are more susceptible to contracting infections that require antibiotics and/or vaccinations. As mentioned earlier, red blood cells are produced in the long bones of the human body. The long bones are the bones that contribute most to height; because the red blood cells are impaired, long bone growth is impaired and thus affects overall growth (4). Furthermore, some patients report vision problems as a symptom. Small blood vessels supply the eyes with blood and oxygen, because blood flow is impeded to small blood vessels, vision is impaired (4). If a person experiences these symptoms, they may be diagnosed with SCD. A blood test can be performed to confirm whether or not a person has SCD. A blood test can detect hemoglobin S, the form of hemoglobin that is attributed to sickle cell anemia (4). This type is test is usually performed as a part of newborn screening and similar tests may be performed in older children and adults.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an inherited blood disease which causes normal, round, healthy red blood cells to transform into sickle-shaped cells. Normal red blood cells are flexible and can easily pass through capillaries to bring oxygen to different parts of the body. However, sickle cells are fragile, and can easily die, leading to anemia (red blood cell deficiency). SCA can also cause blood vessel occlusion (blockage of blood vessels), tissue infarctions (death due to lack of oxygen), bone, joint, and abdominal pain, yellow eyes and skin, pale skin, delayed growth, increased risk of infections, and damage to organs. The disease is passed on by autosomal recessive inheritance, which means both parents of a child must have the defective gene for the child to be affected. If only one gene is inherited, the victim becomes a carrier of the sickle cell trait, producing only some sickle cells with little or no symptoms. This means two people with the trait have a 25% chance of having a baby with sickle cell disease, 25% chance of them having no defects, and 50% chance of the baby becoming a carrier as well. When the gene is inherited, it mutates the beta (β) globin gene in chromosome 11, changing the hemoglobins produced using instructions from the gene from a healthy hemoglobin A (Hb A) to a mutated hemoglobin S (Hb S). Many tests can be done to check for sickle cell disease, the most common being an ordinary blood test, where the blood is examined for hemoglobin S. If the

Resulting in lack of blood flow to the region most commonly in the peripherals and organs causing pain in hands, feet, joints, fever and in severe forms develops in bones (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2010). Sickle cell anemia is the most severe form of SCD, lesser forms include sickle cell hemoglobin C disease, sickle cell hemoglobin D disease, and sickle cell beta-thalassemia. (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2010). . The term sickle cell trait is referred to people who are carriers of certain strand of abnormal gene, and it is a type of benign state of sickle cell hemoglobin C (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2010). Though, if two people with the same traits may have child, the child will have a 1 in 4th chance of receiving two abnormal genes will develop sickle cell anemia (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2010).

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an autosomal recessive inherited disease that affects the red blood cells. A person must receive a sickle gene from each parent to have the disease. If a person only receives one gene from either parent, they will have the sickle cell trait.

Sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder that happen very commonly in the African descent.

The term sickle cell infection (SCD) depicts a gathering of acquired red platelet issue." Normal red blood cells are shaped like discs or donuts. They are soft and flexible so they can easily move through very small blood vessels"(anonymous, 2015).Individuals with SCD have anomalous hemoglobin, called hemoglobin S or sickle hemoglobin, in their red platelets. Hemoglobin is a protein in red platelets that conveys oxygen all through the body. The most well-known sort is known as, sickle-cell frailty (SCA) and there is A few Types of Sickle Cell Sickness: Hemoglobin SS, Hemoglobin SC, Hemoglobin SD. In the Unified States, a great many people with sickle cell illness (SCD) are of African family line or recognize themselves as dark. About1 out of 13 African American children is

Sickle cell disease is an inherited form of anemia. This means both parents must pass on the defective gene for a child to be affected. The gene is more common in families that come from Saudi Arabia, Africa, Mediterranean countries, India, the Caribbean islands, and North, South, and Central America of African descent.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a destructive abnormality in red blood cells that results in circulatory impairment. Sickle cell disease can cause pain, infection, organ damage and strokes. SCD is inherited through the infants’ parental genes (James, 2014). For instance, if an infant inherits the gene from one parent that infant will automatically have the sickle cell trait. As a result, the infant will be a carrier of the disease but won’t actually have the SCD. It is very rare for a carrier to have any symptoms. Women who have SCD are considered high risk if they become pregnant. SCD poses complication for both mother and fetus during

As mentioned earlier, SCD is Autosomal recessive, which means both copies of the sickle gene are inherited from the parents (Sickle Cell Disease). Those more likely to present with Sickle Cell Disease are of African, Mediterranean, and Caribbean origin (Sickle Cell Disease). Genes that SCD can carry in hemoglobin are as follows: Hemoglobin SS(hgbSS), Hemoglobin SC (hgbSC), Hemoglobin Sβ° thalassemia, hemoglobin Sβ°+ Thalassemia, Hemoglobin SD(hgbSD) and Hemoglobin SE(hgbSD) (What is Sickle Cell Disease?). Below is a case study about the Orca Family that shows family generations of SCD and the Sickle Cell

Sickle-cell disease majorly affects the hemoglobin that is present in our blood. The job of hemoglobin is to help transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells throughout our body. Hemoglobin is present specifically in our red blood cells. Each red blood cell contains two hundred and eighty million hemoglobin molecules. Red blood cells normal shape is a biconcave shape because of the lack of many organelles and a nucleus. The shape is so important to a red blood cells functioning that if it is not shaped normally it has major consequences. The shape helps them to fit through capillaries easier and also allows for an increased surface area which results in easier gas exchange. Sickle-cell disease is a genetic disease that causes issues in the oxygen/carbon dioxide carrying hemoglobin molecules that are present in our red blood cells.

Sickle Cell Anemia or SCA is a disease in which there is not a lot of healthy red blood cells to transport oxygen throughout the body(Mayoclinic.org). Sickle Cell was discovered a century ago and it as baffled scientist since then because of its unique relationship with malaria, how it affects people based on where they live, how it is relevant to Mendel’s discovery of genetic inheritance and how it affects the future.