Sickle Cell Heterogeneity

Sickle cell disease (SCD) occurs in 1 out of every 365 African American births compared to 1 out of 16,000 Hispanic-American births (1). SCD is a group of red blood cell disorders in which patients have a sickle or moon-shaped red blood cell due to an abnormal S hemoglobin. While sickle cell disease is relatively rare in American births, this is an alarming statistic among people of Sub-Saharan (west and central) African descent. An interesting fact is that SCD occurs more often among people from parts of the world where malaria is or was common, such as Sub-Saharan Africa (1). In addition, it is believed that people who carry the sickle cell trait are less likely to have

In this essay I will be talking about sickle cell anemia. Well I was diagnosed with the disease at birth. I have what they call SS, which means I have the full illness. The reason I do is because both of my parents have a trait. This is my story.

Proteins are macromolecules made up of many amino acids that play a lot of important roles in our body. In living organisms proteins have various functions. For example enzymes are proteins that are very important to our body. Enzymes are invovled in thousands of chemical reaction wporking by lowering the activation energy therefore speeding up the reactons. Proteins can also function as a messenger, transporter, and also for storage in the body. Proteins are polymers made up of a lot of amino acid monomers. The amino acid on the protein gives the protein its special function or unique property. A phenotype is an observable trait or characteristics on an organism. For example eye color, height, and a size of a bird's beak are all phenotypes,they

CHIEF COMPLAINT: Stated by the father “M.H. keep complaining of earache and on and off fever”

This paper looks in depth at the disease process of sickle cell anemia. It starts out by covering the pathophysiology of the disease and how it functions within the body. The second section of the paper covers the ways to manage sickle cell anemia, whether it be by medication or blood transfusions, or both. The third section is meant to emphasize the important assessment details and how things should be prioritized for the patient with this disease; it also defines which lab values are most important to monitor for the patient. The paper concludes with a case study which details an African American family wishing to start a family. They undergo genetic counseling and receive information on the impact of sickle cell anemia in regards to

In the U.S., SCA occurs most often among African-Americans, approximately 10% of whom are carriers of the sickle cell gene. This prevalence results in SCA in approximately 0.2% of live births in the African-American population, or about 1 in 500. In parts of Africa, over 30%

Sickle cell disease, SCD, is an inherited autosomal recessive genetic disorder that affects 1 in 500 Americans of West African descent with one in 12 African Americans and one in 100 Hispanics being carriers (“Learning.” 2014). SCD is prevalent in individuals with origins in equatorial countries, such as central Africa, Near East, Mediterranean area, and in parts of India (McCance, 2010). Sickle cell anemia, sickle cell-thalassemia, and sickle cell-Hb C are all forms of sickle cell disease with sickle cell anemia being the most severe. Within the general population there is a 0.7% chance of two African American parents having a child with sickle cell anemia, a 1 in 800 birth risk for sickle cell-Hb C, and 1 in 1700 birth risk for sickle- cell thalassemia (2010). The incidence of sickle cell trait carriers can range from 7% to 13% in blacks and up to 45% in people from Eastern Africa. In comparison to the other forms of SCD, sickle cell anemia is present in a homozygous form. Individuals are considered to be sickle cell trait carriers when they inherit Hb S from one parent and normal hemoglobin from the other parent, these individuals rarely present with any clinical manifestations (2010).

The prevalence of sickle cell disease in the US is falling. This is contributed to low malaria rates as sickle cell disease is disadvantageous and is declining due to natural selection. There is also decreased endogamy in the United States compared to African countries, which plays a role in the trend of falling sickle cell diseased

Imagine living a life with misleading information about a younger sibling's death. Many wonder why God took them, but not myself. For the simple fact the morning of Madison’s passing God told me everything would be okay. Experiencing this at such young age makes thou think of the extreme; however, it makes thee stronger. The idea of this paper is to break down the information and show everyone how Sepsis breaks down the body. Along, with linking Sepsis with Sickle Cell Trait when the body is already weak and cannot fight off the infection.

Sickle cell anemia is a disease that affects between 90,000-100,000 Americans. What causes such a problem?

The basic life-span of an affected cell is generally from 1.5 to about 3 weeks, which represents approximately 10% to 20% of a normal cell's life. Because they cannot be replaced fast enough, the

Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited blood ailment. Those suffering from Sickle Cell Disease have abnormal S/ sickle hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the protein in the blood that aids in carrying oxygen throughout the body. The ailment takes its appellation from the shape of the red blood cells of a person affected by Sickle Cell Disease, which have the shape of a sickle. They are stiff and adhesive rather than a disk like normal cells. The misshapen cells tend to get trapped in the small blood vessels hindering the movement of blood and oxygen to the many areas of one’s body. This causes pain and organ damage. Hemoglobin molecules are comprised of an alpha and a beta. People with Sickle Cell Disease have an aberration occurring on a gene in their chromosomes 11 and 16. ("Sickle Cell Disease.") Chromosome 11 is the “gene that codes for the beta subunit of the hemoglobin protein” ("Sickle Cell Disease.") This causes the particles in the hemoglobin not to manifest accurately.

Sickle-cell disease majorly affects the hemoglobin that is present in our blood. The job of hemoglobin is to help transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells throughout our body. Hemoglobin is present specifically in our red blood cells. Each red blood cell contains two hundred and eighty million hemoglobin molecules. Red blood cells normal shape is a biconcave shape because of the lack of many organelles and a nucleus. The shape is so important to a red blood cells functioning that if it is not shaped normally it has major consequences. The shape helps them to fit through capillaries easier and also allows for an increased surface area which results in easier gas exchange. Sickle-cell disease is a genetic disease that causes issues in the oxygen/carbon dioxide carrying hemoglobin molecules that are present in our red blood cells.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is one of the most prevalent recessive autosomal diseases in the world, affecting approximately 300,000 newborns each year, with the number predicted to rise to 400,000 by the year 2050. It is a disease of the β-globin gene (HBB), whereby a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) causes the β6 glutamic acid (Glu) to mutate into valine (Val). The resulting Glu6Val changes the conformation of the red blood cell (RBC) because Val is hydrophobic and Glu is acidic, polar, and has a negative charge. This SNP causes the hemoglobin (Hb) to alter its tertiary structure, forming Hb S which then creates long polymers that alter the RBC’s shape. Many forms of treatment for SCA are being researched, with some of the most promising results coming from gene therapy. Although gene therapy does provide a promising outlook for many diseases, the technique is still under

Sickle Cell Anemia was the first diagnosed disease that was linked to the hemoglobin protein and genetically characterized. In 1910 Sickle cell disease was first characterized when Dr. B. Herrick wrote a report about a patient who suffered from a "strange disease" including such symptoms as asthmatic conditions and blood flow problems including body ulcers.