Side Effects Of Opioids

Prescription opiates, like codeine and hydrocodone, which is found in Vicodin, can cause pulmonary complications in users. Some opioid effects on the pulmonary system include: respiratory depression, bronchospasm, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema and antitussive (Radke et al., 2014). Respiratory depression is essentially the weakening of the respiratory system, which inhibits full flow of oxygen to the lungs, making it harder to breath properly. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema decreases lung volumes, which, again, makes it harder to take in a full breath of air, leading to complications for the

Study findings identified increased risk for the gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiovascular, central nervous, musculoskeletal, endocrine and immune systems associated with long term opioid use. The possible side effects range from minimal to lethal. Prescribing of opioid requires an evaluation of the risk versus

There is no cure for a migraine. However, there are several different types of methods used to

In summary, Miss A came to seek medical attention with the onset of a scale of 8/10 Migraine headache of 2 days. After careful examining her and taking a complete history, Miss A is diagnosed with Migraine headache without aura. The NP is able to establish a treatment plan with Miss A’s involvement. The treatment plan includes: acute Migraine management and prophylaxis management. The acute Migraine management is proven to be effective for her as the evidence of pain relief: her headache was a scale of 2/10 after taking Sumatriptan combined with Naproxen. She also reports the nausea was improved after taking Metochlopromide and was able to consume normal oral intake. The prophylaxis intervention includes therapeutic teaching on healthy diet, effective scheduling on school and work, ensure plenty rest period, and relaxation

Migraines affect nearly 28 million people or 12% of the population in the United States. Migraines are typified by moderate to severe head pain. The head pain is often accompanied by one or more of the following; nausea, photophobia, phonophobia or vomiting. Migraines are considered a chronic neurological disorder. The incidence of migraine related nausea (MRN) is very high among migraneurs. Roughly 90% of patients experience MRN at one time or another. Roughly 50% of patients report experiencing MRN with high frequency (greater than half the time). MRN can hinder the efficacy of currently available migraine drugs in a number of ways. Many patients who experience MRN will delay or avoid taking oral or nasal migraine medication as it can further irritate their stomach. The GI upset associated with migraines can also affect absorption and thus limit systemic exposure to the drug. Researchers have been working diligently to find a solution to this problem.

McManus, D. (2003). Pathways of Pain and Possibility: The Dysfunction of Migraine Headache. Retrieved November 17, 2016, from

Throughout the entirety of my life, I have suffered from migraines. I have gone days, even weeks at a time in constant excruciating pain. My migraines have not only affected my social life but my academics as well. Even as I write this now my head is in searing pain.

Propranolol, nadolol, timolol, atenolol and metoprolol are all indicated for reducing attacks. Antidepressants such as amitriptylline, can also be used to reduce severity and frequency of attacks. Anticonvulsants, such as valproic acid and divalproex sodium, reduce the frequency of headaches by at least 50% in up to 65% of migrainuers. Methysergide, although it is reserved for patients with refractory headaches, is one of the oldest and most effective agents for migraine prophylaxis. Calcium channel blockers and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can also be used for migraine

There are many people worldwide who suffer from migraine disorders. Any episodic migraine if not treated properly can lead to chronic Migraine, which is more than 15 migraine headaches per month. To prevent this condition and help patients to manage their migraine headaches, neurologists suggest cognitive behavioral therapy along with pharmaceutical treatments. To assess the efficacy of non-drug behavioral intervention in treatment and prevention of CM, a qualitative study can be established on a focused group of people. Those who have established Migraines diagnosis, who have shown limited benefits from medication or have intolerant side effects to pharmaceutical therapy will be in a semi structured guided interview for this study. The chosen

Other nonpharmacological options that may be beneficial in the prevention of migraine headaches include: biofeedback, other forms of relaxation training, cognitive-behavioral therapies, acupuncture, and transcutaneous electrical

Migraine headaches are often experienced on one side of the head (Tepper, 2004). The pain is associated with the pulsatile sensation that differs from one person to another. Migraine is also characterized by throbbing and pounding headache that can lead to nausea, vomiting, and in some instances photophobia. Presently, about 12 % of Americans experience migraine headaches every day. Research shows that migraine mostly affect people aged 15 to 55 years (Tepper, 2004). Migraine has been said to occur as a result of impaired nervous and circulatory system. In migraine, blood vessels undergo vasodilation. The enlargement of the vessels interferes with the nerve cells that normally surround the vessels making them secrete various chemical mediators. These chemicals include prostaglandins, substance P, interleukins, and cytokines (Schulman, 2010). The chemicals are responsible for inflammation and transmission of pain impulses. The associated feelings of nausea and vomiting are attributed to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic response also leads to slowed motility and gastric emptying that in turn reduces absorptions of gastric contents such as nutrients and drugs. Additionally, the sympathetic system also leads to excessive sound and light sensitivity. Statistics reveals that migraines affect more women than men. The severity of migraine headaches ranges from mild, moderate to severe depending on the individuals affected. In some instances, migraine headache can be a major cause of morbidity due to its debilitating

Supportive therapy – this include distraction techniques, hypnosis, massage, physical therapy, exercises to reduce stress, and hot and cold applications. Group therapy at pain centers may also beneficial.

Each year over twenty-six million people nation wide are affected by migraines. Once thought to be a concentration of evil spirits in the brain, common cures consisted of everything from drilling holes in the skull, to inserting garlic cloves into the temples. Today however, scientists realize that this all too common occurrence is actually a neurological disorder, which can result in the disability of its victim for hours or even days. I myself have been a constant sufferer of migraines since the age of twelve. The following is the life of a migraine sufferer: myself.

The role of lifestyle modification in the treatment of migraines is to prevent future migraines by identifying the triggers, finding suitable medications, and enforcing preventative measures.

Additionally, there is no specific cure for migraine headaches. In addition, the goal in treating migraines is to treat migraines symptoms. Also, migraines can be treated with amitriptyline or venlafaxine. Furthermore, a migraine can be treated with blood pressure medicines such as propanolol. Researchers have also proven that migraines can be treated with seizure medicines such as valproic acid. (http://www.sciencedaily.com/news). In addition, when I read that you can treat a migraine with seizure medications, I thought that research finding was interesting to be aware of. Also, researchers stated that you could treat a