Sigall and Ostrove (1975) concluded by juror experiment that ugly accused are sentenced severer than good-looking one regarding physical attractiveness unassociated crime and vice versa. Another juror study of Doob and Kirshenbaum (1973) supports that s.12 Canadian Evidence Act creates bias as participants rate higher guiltiness level on defendant with criminal record. Diamond (1997) indicates deficiency of deliberation, insufficiency of trial imitation and etc. in jury simulation and also disbelief of court on the simulation. Also, Mook (1983) argues that concern of external validity is unnecessary if researchers do not aim to use experiment result to generalize theoretical assumption to real life situations.
Findings of study of Sigall and Ostrove (1975) are supported by another study, but they do not take race of defendants into
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This is completely irrational. Harlow's baby monkeys study mentioned by Mook (1983) states that mother monkeys are composed of wire or terry-cloth. The settings are problematic because it is unrealistic to make wire or terry-cloth figure analogical to fake monkey mothers. The reason why baby monkey clings to the cloth mother might be because it is more comfortable or warmer but not mother love. As baby monkey cannot talk, its feeling is never known. Since the fake monkey mothers do not resemble to the real ones, it seems difficult to draw a sensible findings generalization on attachment of monkey with mother. Although the aim of the experiment is not to generalize the reality, it still needs a setting more similar to real life as required by external validity in order to draw a reasonable findings generalization. Thus, to form findings generalization, we cannot totally neglect the importance of external validity which requires high similarity of settings to the real life. (606
In the past, the jury learned from the forensic scientists’ testimony; but now, they’re learning from television and a lot of reality shows. Consequently, what they’re learning is not necessarily what is actually done (Honeycutt). However, those jurors who watch criminal investigation television shows do believe that what they’re seeing on TV is what does go on in real life and they expect to see it in court. This is because, according to Shelton, “the more frequently jurors watched a given program, the more accurate they perceived it to be.”
This case presents the question whether a complex statistical study that indicates a risk that racial considerations enter into capital sentencing determinations proves that petitioner McCleskey's capital sentence is unconstitutional under the Eighth or Fourteenth Amendment.
The types of studies in the area of attachments before Mary Ainsworth were the works of Harry Harlow, John Bowlby, and William Blatz. Harry Harlow was born October 31st, 1905 in Iowa to a small farming community. He obtained his BA and PhD at Stanford University in experimental psychology. Harlow did studies on attachment with baby rhesus monkeys. According to Harlow, he “showed that maternal care in infancy was essential for adult sexual adjustment and mental health” (Vicedo, 2009). In his study, he had two replicas of maternal monkeys for the baby monkeys. One of the ‘mothers’ was warm to the touch as well as being soft. The other just had food and was just made of wire. The baby monkey showed more interest in the warm and fuzzy mother and barely went to the one with food. This showed Harlow that the baby monkey cared more about the warm and fuzzy mother. The second study on the baby monkey was scaring the baby monkey. The baby went running to the mother that provided warmth. To summarize, “the moral of this legend is one about the power of biology and the determinant effects of factors like mother love, which are necessary to fulfill an organism’s innate needs” (Vicedo, 2009). This was also an important conclusion to a
Her main focus during this section of the article is that many proponents use this to show that the criminal justice system is racial bias. In a social psychology sense this would be called confirmation bias, this means that individuals search for information that would confirm an idea and not list factors that would disprove their idea (Klayman & Ha, 1987; Skov &
With the first batch of surveyed jurors, the study found that the more often jurors watched a crime show (in this study CSI was the main crime show in question) the more accurate they thought the show was. Also, the study found that 46.3% of jurors expected to see some scientific evidence in every case, 21.9% expected to see DNA evidence in every case, and 36.4% expected to see fingerprint evidence in every case. With this information, the study found that the jurors who watched CSI had higher expectations for the presence of scientific evidence compared to the jurors who did not watch CSI. It is important to note, however, that even though the CSI jurors had higher expectations those expectations did not equate to higher rates of acquittals
Walker, Bela August. "The Color of Crime: The Case against Race-Based Suspect Descriptions." Columbia Law Review, vol. 103, no. 3, Apr. 2003, p. 662. EBSCOhost,
With jury bias we examined that the perspective taking, victim impact statements and race of the victim had no main effects with ps > 0.26 and no significant interactions either with ps > 0.64.
It's difficult growing up in America as a person of color. It's especially hard for caucasians to truly understand the struggles that people of color must face in their everyday lives. But Sandra Cisneros' The House on Mango Street teaches us just that. The House on Mango Street is the story of a young Latina girl named Esperanza, living in Chicago during the 1960's with her poor family. It's Esperanza's daily struggles that shape her into the person she is.
A mother can impact lives greatly. Could you imagine growing up without a mother? You can either be very lucky with a mother that cares for you or be deprived of that sense of love from a mother figure. It is inhumane to destroy any kind of maternal bond because mothers are not people to depend on, but are people to make depending not required.
The existence of racial disparity and structural inequality within the criminal justice system renders the concept of true justice for all unobtainable. The statistics of convictions and prison sentences by race definitely support the concept that discrimination is a problem in the justice system as well as the insignificantly number of minority judges and lawyers. There are a multitude of circumstances that influence these statistics according to the “Central Eight” criminogenic risk factors. The need for programs and methods to effectively deter those at risk individuals has never been greater and the lack of such programs is costing society in countless ways.
On the other hand, others argue that disproportionality in arrest decisions is commensurate with the racial distributions in offending rather than residential distribution in the population (D’Alessio & Stolzenberg, 2003; Sampson & Lauritsen, 1997). Putting it differently, proponents of this group hold that differential involvement in crime commission leads to higher arrest rates. For this reason, employing frequency of crime involvement as a baseline measure would yield different findings as opposed to relying only population as a baseline measure (Golub et al., 2007).
It has been brought up that certain race and ethic affects a person’s sentencing. Many studies have addressed the question are African Americans treated more severely than similarly situated whites? (Mitchell, 2005). Observers had indeed noted that black defendants get more severe sentencing than white defendants do (Spohn, 1981). For many years’ social scientist has examined this theory and came up with three explanations, racial discrimination, Wealth discrimination, and legal factors (Sellin, 1928). These three explanations all direct back to blacks because blacks are more likely to be poor, so they are wealth discriminated. Also, legal factors point to blacks because black defendants are more likely to have a serious charge or criminal record than whites do. Some researchers examine whether race has an impact on juveniles being convicted in the adult system (Howell, 2012) as well.
Additionally, this study surrounded a trial that occurred in Texas in 2001, in order to research their views. In the case in which the study surrounded a male lover who was thrown out the previous day, and then returned and shot and killed his female lover, and wounded her new lover. All the participants in the study were given a set of instructions and were told that he was getting charged with second degree murder. In the study, they were given the option of convicting the defendant on that charge, going with a less-serious charge of voluntary or involuntary manslaughter, or finding the defendant not guilty by reason of insanity. In order to destruct levels of uncertainty the researchers had the participants rank on a scale from 1 to 7, the extent in which they believe the defendant was guilty. Then they were told to give an appropriate prison sentence from no time to fifteen more years. For one-quarter of the participants,
However, the monkey study was conducted on monkeys and it could be argued that this is not an accurate representation of human attachment. Humans are a lot more complex than animals and so therefore research on animals to study behaviour cannot be applied to human behaviour.
Within the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, Orwell demonstrates the political and social oppression during the 1940’s through the animal’s conducted mannerisms. In response to the debate of the industrialization farm windmill, Napoleon interrupts Snowball’s statement by dictating, “The windmill is nonsense and he advised no one to vote for it.” (Orwell 52). Napoleon is overcome with overconfidence on a psychological standpoint as he rudely interrupts Snowball’s discussion towards the building of the windmill. Although from a political standpoint it is quite justified to oppose one’s viewpoints on certain subjects, it is another area to become riddled with selfish desire led by ignorance and interrupted the other mid-presentation drawing