Significance Of Prostate Cancer, Anatomy And Physiology Systems

Today, prostate cancer is usually detected through screening, and there are two methods for early detection. The prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) is used, but there are

For example, age is the biggest factor. We all know that as men age and get older they run a higher chance of their prostate enlarging and developing cancer. Family history and race are also the other two big ones. If people in your immediate family have had the cancer, then you run a higher risk of contraction because you’re already genetically predisposed to getting prostate cancer. Also, African American men are more likely to be diagnosed with the cancer, with white and Hispanic men following behind. According to the CDC, from the years 1999-2013, black men had higher mortality and contraction rates than men of other races and ethnicities.1 Hormones are also a risk factor; should the male be producing a lot of testosterone could put him at risk.

In the case for PSA screening, PCa is the leading internal malignancy in US men and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Early detection of prostate cancers offers the best chance of cure. The PSA blood test is the best chance of cure. Currently, the PSA blood test is the best currently available way to detect PCa and it is easy, safe and inexpensive. PSA test results is a piece of information, it is what doctors do with the information that becomes the issue. However, the great majority of PSA detected tumors have the histologic characteristics of clinically important cancers. Also, PSA detection has found tumors early advancing the diagnosis by Seeral years (5-13) and prostate cancer mortality rates in U.S have decreased by 4% (patho book) since 1992, which is 5 years after initiation of prostate screenings. The dilemma is over treating the clinically unimportant disease versus under

Another method to detect this cancer is with a Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). Protein in the blood that is produced only by prostate cells is reflected the volume of both benign and malignant prostate tissue in the PSA. The higher the PSA level is the more likely it is that Prostate Cancer present. (“Prostate

Men should talk with a doctor if they are 45 and at high risk for prostate cancer. This includes those with a family history, especially African American men.

Each year approximately 233,000 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer (Eggener, Cifu, & Nabhan, 2015). In 2015, prostate cancer was the second most common cancer related cause of death among United States men (Eggener, et. al., 2015). While the majority of prostate cancers are slow growing with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 98%, statistics show that when prostate cancer is identified as metastatic, the 5-year survival rate dramatically drops down to 20-25% (Eggener, et. al., 2015). According to these numbers alone, it appears screening for prostate cancer would be a well-accepted practice. However, current methods of screening for this cancer are controversial and has lead organizations like the U.S Preventative Service Task Force (USPSTF) and the American Cancer Society (ACS) to different guidelines for screening.

In the UK African and Caribbean men are 2 or 3x more likely to develop PCa than Caucasian men. Asian men are least likely to develop PCa. Japanese- American men have a higher rate of PCa than native Japanese men. This could be because of their diet, co-existing medical conditions, obesity etc that affect the severity of the cancer. Genetic factors have been identified with 8q24 being the most important. 8q24 contains regulatory variants, which modulate genetic risk to various cancers like PCa and is thought the locus might function as a regulatory hub by

According to Ferrante, Shaw, and Scott (2011), prostate cancer is the most common cancer and second most common cancer death among men in the United States. Early detection permits appropriate and timely management, which can allow clinicians to treat the cancer effectively. When detected at early or regional stage, prostate cancer has a five-year survival rate of about 100%. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most widely used tumor marker and was approved by the FDA in 1994 as an aid in the early detection of prostate cancer (Duffy, 2011). PSA screening helps detect prostate cancer earlier, at lower clinical stages, and with a lower Gleason score (Cho et al., 2015).

PSA is a biomarker that is regularly used clinically for screening and diagnosis of prostate cancer. It was discovered in 1972 while trying to find a substance in seminal fluid that would aid in the research of medical cases. Papsidero and associates measured PSA quantitatively in the blood in 1980, which was stated to be a clinical use as a marker for prostate cancer. PSA exists in small quantities in the serum of normal men, and it is raised higher in the presence of prostate cancer and other prostate ailments [8]. Prostate cancer can also be present in the whole absence of a raised PSA level. PSA expresses androgen dependent and so it is less sensitive in older population. The limitations of PSA as biomarker

By race, black men have the highest incidence rate of this disease with an incidence rate of 239.8 per 100,000 men, while Hispanic men have the lowest with a rate of 133.4 per 100,000 men. The death rate of African-Americans is more than double that of any other race with a mortality rate of 56 per 100,000 men2. Recent data indicates that cancer develops in 30% of black men ages 50-59 and in 39% of black men 60-692. This is in contrast to 8% of black men developing it between the ages of 40 and 49. Similar data has been shown for men with a family history . The age-adjusted death rate from prostate cancer has fortunately decreased by 3.4% between 2001 and 2006 and the lifetime risk of developing prostate cancer is 15.9% for American men (i.e. 1 in every 6 men) 2.

Cancer is the name given to a collection of more than 100 related diseases. It is a genetic disease caused by changes to genes that control the way our cells function (“What is Cancer?” National Cancer Institute). The genetic changes that subsidize cancer tend to affect three chief types of genes- proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. These are the “drivers” of cancer. Cancer can appear and grow virtually anywhere in the body. Types of cancer are customarily named for the organs or tissues where they form. They can also be described by the types of cell that formed them. Although there are many different kinds of cancer, all cancers start because abnormal cells grow out of control (“What is Cancer?” American Cancer

There are many factors that impact the prognosis of prostate cancer. One is age. Prostate cancer is uncommon in men under the age of 50. In fact, more than 85% of those diagnosed with prostate cancer are older than 65 years of age. Another factor is race. Prostate cancer is most common in men of African American descent. Weight can also factor in to the likelihood of a person having prostate cancer due to the fact that it is indicative of a diet high in dietary fats, which has been linked to prostate cancer.

The objective of this paper was to find a correlation between elevated levels of testosterone and prostate cancer. The rationale behind evaluating high levels of testosterone and prostate cancer is testosterone is necessary for the development of the prostate. Elevated levels are needed for adolescent males can form their reproductive system, in which the prostate is included. In addition, testosterone is important in the formation of the adrenal gland because testosterone, being an androgen itself, is made it the adrenal gland after puberty. Therefore, some scientists and researchers believe that there is a direct correlation between higher levels of testosterone and prostate cancer. Although the intention of this paper is to focus on increased

In a series of papers Livingston and her colleagues all continued important cancer microbe research showing the characteristic "connective tissue parasite" of cancer, the germ that could be found inside the cell (intracellular) and outside the cell (extracellular) in all cancers they studied. Livingston always stressed that the microbe tends to involve the collagenous (connective) tissue, and the photographs presented here in prostate cancer confirm that.

It also helps to have regular check-ups from age 40 up. The earlier prostate issues are detected, the sooner you can take measures in managing your symptoms.