Significant Figures In Chemistry

Data that is statistically significant helps us to understand whether there is a relationship within the null hypothesis. T statistical significant results showed that the participants who consumed caffeine performed worse than participants who did not was less than 5% (p < .05). This means for the author to determine whether a test is significant it must be less than .05, which is the significance level. The P value (probability value) is defined as the probability of obtaining a result equal to or "more extreme" than what was observed (Wikipedia). A p-value helps determine the significance

In TMA02 I asked my tutor to give me specific feedback on the learning outcome Ky1. I was advised that I should take a little more care with significant figures and scientific notation. There has not been much emphasis on significant figures and scientific notation in TMA04. However I have taken the advice given by my tutor and broadened it to include attention to detail in all areas dealing with numbers within this assignment especially in questions 2 ai) 2ci) & 3bi).

* Statistical significance of the coefficient – This is a statistical test that confirms if the coefficient regardless of its value is robust and different from zero. Also referred to as the P-value.

2. The least precise measurement was the temperature but more specifically the freezing points of the solutions and solutes. Due to the freezing point only having two significant figures, the data is limited to two significant figures as well.

1“The Cult of Statistical Significance” was presented at the Joint Statistical Meetings, Washington, DC, August 3rd, 2009, in a contributed session of the Section on Statistical Education. For comments Ziliak thanks many individuals, but especially Sharon Begley, Ronald Gauch, Rebecca Goldin, Danny Kaplan, Jacques Kibambe Ngoie, Sid Schwartz, Tom Siegfried, Arnold Zellner and above all Milo Schield for organizing an eyebrow-raising and standing-room only session.

If the uncertainty is too large, corrections may be necessary in order to achieve accurate

1. Use place value understanding to round whole numbers to the nearest 10 or 100.

The purpose of experiment ten was to collect data on an unknown weak acid by watching and measuring the weak acid being neutralized. This was done by using a Vernier Probe and using the data to figure out the identity of the unknown acid. A weak acid will have a strong conjugate base. The pKa of a weak acid can be taken from the – log (ka) or by using pH. To find the pKa using the graph of the pH in the experiment the equivalence point was found and ½ of this point is the pKa of the unknown weak acid. To determine the molar mass of the unknown acid the moles of base has to be determined along with the mass of the acid (Westfield, n.a). The equivalence point needed to determine the pKa is the point of the titration curve where the pH begins

When doing calculations, it is important to not round too early. While the book recommends one or two extra figures kept for calculations, the course notebook recommends at minimum two extra figures. Additionally, the book rounds all intermediate steps in calculations to show proper significant figures throughout the problem, leading to some inaccuracies in the final digits of answers, while the course notebook recommends returning to the more precise, unrounded numbers for use in further calculations. To round, underestimate the final numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, so that if a digit is smaller than 5 it does not affect the remaining number. If a digit is larger than five (5, 6, 7, 8, 9), during rounding that number is dropped and one is added to the remaining number.

Uncertainties and gaps in information tend to be marked over and conclusiveness overstated (Dearstyne, 2005).

A mole is a standardized internationally unit of measurement used in chemistry. This measurement is based on something reproducible. Like a dozen cinnamon rolls, or dozen apples is reproducible with a known amount of 12. A mole is an amount of anything that has the same number of particles found in 12 grams of carbon 12. That number is 6.022x10^23 which we call Avogadro's number. This is an important concept because it provides a unit of measurement with a consistency in performing calculations in chemistry and easily converts grams to moles. We use moles (a known amount or proportion) to measure the amount of reactants and amount product from a chemical reaction.

As week 5 rolls around I know the pattern I will have to forge in order to gain more knowledge as I continue on in my career as a student. The main pattern I find myself struggling with is precision. For this pattern to work I will have to specifically increase the use of this pattern by going into more detail, examine all of the material given to me, and documenting the facts precisely. I feel I can bring my precision pattern out of its hiding and become better acquainted with this pattern if I stop with the negativity over this particular pattern and whole heartedly try to use it.

Based on the mass of KHP and the volume of water used to make the KHP solution, the molarity of the KHP solution was .034M. After the two trials of standardizing NaOH, the average molarity of NaOH was .236. The standard deviation for the molarity of NaOH was .066. After the two trials of titrating citric acid, the average molarity of citric acid was found to be .0786. The standard deviation for the molarity of citric acid was .0013. The standard deviation for the molarity of NaOH shows that the measurements gathered from the titration were rather spread out, minimizing the precision and accuracy of the measurements. One source of error that could have affected the titration was holding the electrode steady. If the electrode had been steadied better, then it could have gotten more accurate measurements. This source of error was reduced in the titration of citric acid, which greatly reduced the standard deviation. Another potential source of error could have been misreading markings on the buret and beakers. Because one must estimate one decimal place past the markings on the glassware and the meniscus throws off the measurement, inaccurate initial measurements could have been made, which would have made the rest of the measurements inaccurate. Using glassware with more accurate markings could have improved the accuracy of the

Numerosity Perception is defined as the way that we, as humans, can perceive numbers. This particular way that we perceive numbers is nonverbal, and even infants can even have numerosity perception. This is because there is no communication involved in being able to differentiate between certain quantities. By testing the numerosity perception in infants, you can determine how well they will do in mathematics in their education. The way that we can test this in humans is by a dot test. A dot test is when response time and accuracy are measured to see how many dots people perceive to be on a screen, (normally for 150ms.). While measuring the variable in this test, psychologists were able to see that numerosity perception activates the parietal

This also teaches about uncertainty in measurement and the rules used to analyze measurements. These lessons are crucial to physics as well as other mathematics and science courses. Each problem completed must be calculated correctly and with the correct unit of measurement, and errors and error types