Silicon Particles As Trojan Horses For Potential Cancer Therapy

Nanocarriers (NCs) have emerged as a favored drug delivery approach towards improving the anticancer benefits of several bioactives for cancer therapy with recent reports showing the application of NC systems in clinical settings [18]. The NCs with size < 100 nm have been associated with enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR) due to the presence of leaky vasculature in the tumor tissues which contributes to its enhanced efficacy. Also recently, NCs have shown to be effective in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma [19]. A recent study by Kanai et al. showed that the NC albumin-bound paclitaxel and carboplatin (nabPC) repetitively achieved tumor regression in malignant mesothelioma

[6]Fernandez-Gomez, Francisco J., Maria F. Galindo, Maria Gómez-Lázaro, Victor J. Yuste, Joan X. Comella, Norberto Aguirre, and Joaquín Jordán. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 17 Jan. 2005. Web. 08 Oct. 2014.

In addition, it was shown that macrophages can mediate the delivery of gold-shell NPs into multicellular human glioma spheroids 76. In the report, gold-shell NPs are composed of a silica core coated with a thin layer of gold which greatly absorbs near-infrared light to generate local heat around NPs. Gold nanoshells (AuNS) NPs were loaded in macrophages via phagocytosis, and it is interesting to observe no apparent toxicity of macrophages after their uptake of nanoparticles 77. When co-incubated with human glioma spheroids, nanoparticle-laden macrophages can migrate and filtrate in the tumor as usual 78. Furthermore, two-photon fluorescence microscopy of glioma spheroids showed that nanoparticle-laden macrophages can accumulate in necrotic sites. When irradiated with 810 nm laser light, the growth of glioma spheroid dramatically decreased compared with the control without of nanoparticle-loading. The efficacy of macrophage-AuNS-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) on glioma spheroids was also tested, and the growth of spheroids was dramatically suppressed. The same group continued to examine the therapeutic efficacy of macrophage-mediated delivery of AuNS nanoparticles in rat glioma tumor model 79. C6 rat glioma cells were directly injected into brain to generate brain tumor, following the injection of macrophage-AuNS delivery system. After NIR laser irradiation, it was observed that the tissue irradiated by laser was damaged, suggesting the therapeutic effect of AuNS.

In conclusion, cancer fighting nanobots are leading into our future and leading into more new discoveries in the medical field. This new technology will not only help everyone's live but also will help the lives of cancer patients, in medical form. This invention may just be the solution to help save millions of lives in today's

Authors: Sandar Linn1, Hernan A. Lopez-Morra1, Sofia Nigar1, Juan Tejada1, Nami S Haeri1,Shah Giashuddin2,Jonathan Chow2, Mahesh K. Krishniah1, Sury Anand1.

Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) is a promising method of the targeted radio-immunotherapy for the treatment of hematologic malignancies and extended to treat various solid cancers. Alpha-Immuno-Conjugate (AIC) is the diagnostic radiopharmaceutical compound used in clinical trials of TAT. Two essential elements of AIC must be included: a targeting antigen as a carrier that tends to attach the molecules on the surface of a specific tumor cell; and an Alpha emitter that undergoes Alpha decay to kill the DNA of the targeted cell [1]. With the use of such a targeted high Linear Energy Transfer (LET) radiation therapy, highly targeted treatment to microscopic tumor cells with AIC becomes an emerging option for local and systemic cancer treatment.

Monoclonal antibodies have several mechanisms of action by which to kill tumor cells. Tumor cells can be directly affected by the antibody or the antibody and initiate an immune mediated response. In direct action the antibody can be used to block a vital receptor or to activate apoptosis. More recently antibodies have been developed to deliver a drug/cytotoxic agent directly to a cell and

In the article “Aptamer-Conjugated Nanoparticles for Selective Collection and Detection of Cancer Cells”, the method of rapid collection and detection of cancer cells is explored in detail and with an explanation of the procedure and modifications done to improve the system of cancer research. Current methods for leukemia diagnosis apply combinations of bone marrow and peripheral blood cytochemical analyses. Peripheral analyses include, karyotyping, immunophenotyping by flow, cytometry/microarray, and amplification of malignant cell mutations by PCR. Immunophenotypic analyses of leukemia cells use antibody probes to exploit the variation of specific surface antigens in order to tell the difference between normal and malignant cells. The

Individuals in the twenty-first century live in a technology-based society that is revolutionizing lifestyles with medical, industrial, and environmental improvements. Nanotechnology, being one of the century’s popular technologies, is the research and application of miniscule objects in fields ranging from engineering to chemistry. It is conducted at a nanoscale system—a scale that is 1000 times smaller than the components currently used in the microelectronics field (“What is Nanotechnology?”). This technology has led to life-changing developments in the biomedical field, which is a combined area of science, engineering, and medicine, and is applied to molecular imaging, molecular diagnosis, as well as targeted therapy (Nie). A targeted

Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems are the use of capsules between 1nm and 100nm large to store medicine within them and protect the drugs until it reaches the affected area it must treat. This method allows smaller amounts of drugs to enter the body and prevent severe side effects by reacting with unaffected parts of the body. These nanocapsules travel in the bloodstream and release the drugs once in close proximity to the affected area. The main focus for this application is to treat cancer, where the capsules can either identify and attach to cancer cells or a magnet worn by the patient can trigger the capsule once it reaches a specific place in the body.

The National Institutes of Health began the U.S. National Nanomedicine Initiative program in 2005 by developing a national network of Nanomedicine Development Centers. “The two major goals of NIH Nanomedicine Initiative are: 1) understand how the biological machinery inside living cells is built and operates at the nanoscale and, 2) use this information to re-engineer these structures, develop new technologies that could be applied to treating diseases, and/or leverage the new knowledge to focus work

Colorectal cancer is one of the fatal diseases of this era with quite higher incidence rate. Due to a high fatality rate, health organizations and researchers are continuously looking for new and better management options. In this strive, nanotechnology served as a major and novel treatment methodology with betterment and more optimum outcomes. Work is carried out with respect to colo-rectal malignancies where nano-particles are either used as diagnostic tools or they serve as treatment tools for targeted drug delivery to the tumor cells. This all leads to more specific and sensitive drug delivery to site of action thus minimizing the dose associated and non-specific drug delivery side-effects. The following review article will address such efforts and their impact to reduce disease burden, thus improving future prospects of the disease.

LZ M. Albances, Beatrice Anne S. Bungar, Jannah Patrize O. Patio, Rio Jan Marty S. Sevilla, *Donata D. Acula

CD44, is one of the recognized tumorand CSC biomarkers and the main receptor for HA, playing important roles in tumor development by involvement in cell adhesion and cell migration (Cortes-Dericks et al. 2017; Misra et al. 2015). Considering the roles of CD44 as a biomarker in the assessment of treatment response, screening and differential diagnosis; expansion of a nanobody with its unique characteristics for the recognition of CD44 could contribute todiagnosis, therapy and drug delivery fornumerous cancer (Misra et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2016). To date, many naïve and

Jane Catherine SP. Villanueva, Edenn Claudine C. Villaraza, Lorenz Oliver C. Villegas and Cristel Bernice T. Wee