Similarities Between Alan Turing And John Searle

Turing, a physicalist, believed that artificial intelligence could be achieved in the future. Turing argued that the mind was merely due to the physical aspects of the brain and so a machine could one day be created that has a mind of its own, i.e. artificial intelligence. He created a test called the Turing Test to determine whether a machine has artificial intelligence. In the Turing Test, an interrogator asks two subjects a series of questions. One of the subjects is a person, the other is the computer. The goal is for the person to imitate a computer and the computer to imitate the person. If the interrogator is fooled into thinking that the computer is the human then the computer, according to Turing, is concluded to have the ability to think and thus, have a mind. Turing argued that machines passing the Turing Test were sufficient for ascribing thought.

called consciousness is the Turing test (Turing, 1950) which, rather tellingly, was originally called the

Testing has been used for centuries in many different ways, not just to test student intelligence levels. According to an article written in Time, the earliest form of a standardized test comes from China where government leaders would be tested on their knowledge of Confucius and poetry. The article continues with the inclusion of testing during the Industrial Revolution. The testing during this period took children who were not in school and measured their knowledge of subjects that students in schools learned. As time went on, more and more advances came to the testing scene. New products included a revised version of the test, called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, and professionals developed the test scanner by 1936. These inventions improved the time necessary to receive results from an IQ test. Today, tests, like the

The 20th century saw a response to Edward Titchener’s critique of Wundt’s experimentation. This contributed to the study of behaviorism by John Watson. Behaviorism was proposed to emphasizing the study of obvious behavior. In the final decades of the 20th century saw a rise of the cognitive science which is a interdisciplinary approach to studying the human mind. Cognitive science considers the mind as subject for investigation

“It’s called the Classic Learning Test, a college entrance examination that tests for verbal and quantitive reasoning.” (Patheos.com)

A more difficult examination I observed is the Cognitive Assessment System. In one exam the student reads rows of color words printed in black and white. Next they are shown rows of colored rectangles and asked state each color. Then comes the tricky part, students are shown color words in a font color that is different

8Searle, John R. "A Dozen Problems in the Philosophy of Mind." In Mind: A Brief Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

* John Watson (1878-1958) postulated that concepts such as the mind, consciousness, and feelings are neither objective or measurable.

It identifies rival causes, whether the statistics available are deceptive and whether any key information is omitted in the concept of thinking (Browne & Keeley, 2007). Through this kind of analysis, the conclusions made are quite detailed and with minimal errors. On the other hand, the model on the elements of thought does not entail a lot of critics. The model only entails gathering all the important information that is needed and assessing the various interpretations of the information towards answering the question at hand (Mulford,

The basis of labeling intelligence has changed over the course of time. Intelligence tests (IQ tests) generalize the overall intelligence of the average person and categorize people into groupings of high, medium and low IQ. By having a high IQ, one is generalized as “intelligent,” and in contrast, one with a low IQ would be deemed “stupid.” In Isaac Asimov’s “Thinking about Thinking,” Asimov discusses how IQ test labels of “intelligent” or “stupid” become falsified through specific examples; in comparison, Russel Warne’s "A Welcomed Intrusion," discusses how IQ test scores can be used to determine which students should be placed into accelerated courses. IQ tests need to be changed because they cannot accurately measure overall intelligence due to society’s perceptions, gender differentials and the various types and strengths of intelligence levels.

Researchers are using various imaging machines to record the brain’s activity whilst thinking of complex math and science problems and unrelated questions. One study composed by the National Academy of Sciences, using 15 mathematicians and 15 non-mathematicians, showed that when the brain of a mathematician was prompted with a math related question, they used different parts of their brain to answer than the non-mathematicians.

We would conduct a pretest for judging the cognitive abilities (aptitude and achievements) and knowledge. This test would determine the further

The impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on cognitive psychology is an extremely interesting and relevant idea. New trends in technology and the explosion of new devices that think and learn allow cognitive psychologists the opportunity to examine some process and simulations executed by AI under constructed conditions (Sternberg, 2006). Also psychologists can utilize AI to test and develop theories and methods that would not be practical in real time. Further, AI allows cognitive psychology the opportunity to expand on cognitive theories as computers are available to overcome the limitations of human thinking. The use of AI is also practical in supporting individuals who may have barriers to learning or handicapping conditions that make learning and knowledge retention difficult. In my classroom

Usability testing is a technique used in user-centered interaction design to evaluate a product by testing it on users. This can be seen as an irreplaceable usability practice, since it gives direct input on how real users use the system.[1] This is in contrast with usability inspection methods where experts use different methods to evaluate a user interface without involving users.

It is fairly difficult to define precisely the word decision but everybody agrees to have experienced the concept. Every human being thinks, rightly or wrongly, that in many occasions he has made a choice between different alternatives. The natural notion of human free will in choosing between various alternatives will be discussed in my paper. On the other hand, Ai (Artificial Intelligence) is the ability of a machine to think or act humanly or rationally. There are at least two basic views about AI. The first one states AI as ‘sciences of the artificial’ (Simon, 1969), or the science of developing machines performing human tasks. The view of AI has relatively few link with decision making to the extent that a machine cannot make a decision until and unless it has been programmed to do so. In other words, the concept of