Simkins Vs Cone Case Study

In doing so, he pays particularly close attention to black patients and their relations with health care policies and practices. Smedly maintains that blacks are not only the victims of, inpatient and outpatient treatment, racial policies, and other services but also the victims of its consequences. He argues that many health care administrators are agents to a system of inequality that support provider and administrator biases, geographical inequalities, and racial stereotypes (Smedly 2012).

Black or Negro doctors were not common in America during the first half of the century: 500, or about 2.6%, of New York City’s 19,000 physicians were Negro in 1963 (Curtis 64). New York City and Chicago are major cities in the United States, they also are similar when it came to population. It is to say that since New York City only had a few Black Physicians during the time then Chicago reflected the same range of numbers when it came to their black physicians. In fact, African-Americans had only made up “3% of all professional workers in [New York City] in 1950”(Curtis 64). African American women were allowed to work in the medical professions but they were mostly limited to the nursing

When considering the American medical system, it is clear that the policy solutions for disparities occurring outside the clinical encounter

The federal District Court of D.C. upheld the act, siding against Shelby County. The D.C. court of appeals affirmed the lower court’s decision. Both courts found congress had based their reasoning for the preclearance requirement on sufficient evidence. The Supreme Court granted certiorari, finding that congress did not provide adequate evidence as to why standards from 1964 ought to justify a constitutional violation of a power reserved for the states in present

On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy, a thirty year-old shoemaker bought a first class ticket preparing to travel from New Orleans to Covington, Louisiana. Homer Plessy was something called a “Creole of Color” a phrase used to describe black people in New Orleans that trace their ancestry to the French, the Spanish and the Caribbean settlers. He had a very light colored skin tone and was only one eighth black. Even so, he was required by law to sit in the black section of the train. He boarded the train and sat in the “white” car. (Wormser) The conductor questioned him, and after refusing to move he was arrested and charged with not following state law. He went first to the Criminal District Court for the Parish of Orleans, and Tourgee, the hired lawyer, brought his case that the “separate but equal” rules were unconstitutional. Judge John H. Ferguson ruled against him, but that did not stop Homer Plessy. Instead, he applied to the State Supreme Court for the ability to go on to the United States Supreme Court. (Wormser)

After the Civil War, following the Compromise of 1877 and the end of Reconstruction, the protection for the rights of African American ended if there was any. Southern States had moved to impose a system of segregation on nearly all areas of life. New laws that required segregation that stirred “separate but equal” doctrine that disenfranchise African Americans for almost six decades. It is hard in this days and age to be able to imagine segregation as a law, but the remnants just change form and name. A petition file on June 7, 1892, in the supreme court Louisiana by a local shoemaker named Homer Plessy against Honorable judge John H. Ferguson. His filling set a test case to challenge Separate Car Act that prompt Plessy v. Ferguson case perhaps one of the most noticeable actions to nullify “separate but equal” doctrine.

In 1891 a group of Creole professionals in New Orleans formed the Citizens’ Committee to Test the Constitutionality of the Separate Car Law. They hired Albion Tourgée, a Reconstruction-era judge and social reformer, as their legal counsel. As plaintiff in the test case the committee chose a person of mixed race in order to support its contention that the law could not be consistently applied, because it failed to define the white and “colored” races.

First of all, nurses have a very critical role of advocating for their patients regardless of race, ethnicity, and gender. Today the nurse would treat the African Americans and white patients equally. Nurses are a lot more educated now then they were back in the ‘50s and there is so much more research available to them to practice evidence based care. Today’s nurse would not proceed with a procedure unless a voluntary informed consent was signed prior to any invasive procedures with potential risks. If today’s nurse was given the opportunity to treat Henrietta Lacks, this patient would have been treated with holistic therapeutic care, great pain management, care that has evidence to back it up, and the nurse would have advocated for the consent form to be signed by the patient and care clearly and thoroughly explained to the patient prior to implementing the

One of the points raised in IOM’s article to prove that racism is a prevalent cause of health care disparity is the way the health care system is set-up, meaning at times, some hospitals and clinics can adopt a policy to contain health care cost, but may pose hindrances to minority patients’ capability to access the care.

The underlying issues in both cases are racial discrimination. For Cheryl Boulden in the affirmative action case the issue is being “an African American woman among the good ol’ boys in Indiana.” She was recruited because of race and her permanent handicap was seen as an asset for a diversity program lacking any. Yet these qualities made her a target of racism. Susan Finn’s ethnic discrimination presents a dilemma of how to deal with a contract physician’s abusive behavior “toward Hispanics and female staff as well as patients” (Reeves, 2006, p. 79). While the issues of racial and gender discrimination is not unusual, the failure of these agencies to address multiple complaints is.

Section 119 applies only when the taxpayer receives meals from his or her employer and not cash. This fact was proven in Comm. v. Kowalski, which involved a taxpayer that worked as a police officer. The officer received a cash allowance for meals in addition to his salary so that an officer could eat at a restaurant in their assigned area while they are on duty. However, the officer could eat at home as long as his or her house was in the assigned area. The taxpayer used his meal allowance at restaurants because he as frequently working in different locations and only include a portion of the total meal allowance in gross income on his tax return. The IRS subsequently determined that the amount that the taxpayer did not include in gross income

Poles Out- In this section of the project we are going to saw out the basketball poles from the tennis courts base, to minimize the risk of injuries. The price for the removal of the basketball poles will be approximately: $600.00 (Price with a third party ~$1000.00)

In 2007 Fisk communicated individual questions about the authority verifiable record of the assaults. In an article for The Independent, he explained that while the Bush organization was unequipped for effectively doing such assaults because of its hierarchical inadequacy, he is controversial at the irregularities in the official account of 9/11. Fisk always stands for the truth; he has proven to be incorruptible and always endeavors to deliver the concerns of the unfairly treated. He is so passionate about his work (as evidenced by the various good stories he has covered). Secondly, he is worth emulating because in a very superficial world, Fisk reports on very relevant and significant issues which can benefit common citizens. He is unique

Speck was a poor student and begin his life of a crime at a young age.Richard Speck is from a big family and he is the seventh of eight children.Richard dad died when he was six years old and his mom remarried.Their family moved to Dallas Texas.Richard stepdad always abuses him.Richard had a hard time living as a child.Speck's childhood was marked by juvenile delinquency and alcohol abuse, which soon led to petty crime.He was arrested for the first time at 14.Speck soon began taking after the stepfather, and was a heavy drinker by 15.By the time he left to go back to Illionis he has at least 40 arrest in his record.Richard has a tatoo in his left forearm and it says ¨Born to raise Hell¨.Speck tried to commit suicide in hotel on July 19,1996,by

Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital was a case that brought the issue of segregation based on race to the forefront. In the early 1960s, African Americans in the United States were still heavily experiencing racism, especially in the South. In 1946, then President Truman signed into law the Hospital Survey and Construction Act (now known as the Hill-Burton Act), whose premise was to financially assist the construction of hospitals in the U.S. to improve healthcare across the country (While, 1946). The two nonprofit hospitals named as defendants in the case received $3.5 million in funding through the Act (Showalter, 2017). Until the Simkins ruling, most hospitals in North Carolina did not allow African American patients to be seen in the same hospitals as whites. Additionally, these same hospitals did not allow African American physicians to treat patients or train as interns- even though they were fully educated and licensed. The facilities where African Americans could practice medicine were routinely overcrowded and lacked the same standard equipment that the “white” hospitals had (Thomas, 2006).