Simulation The Effect Of Acidity On The Environment

The rising carbon dioxide (CO2) from the burning of fossil fuels and other human activities continues to affect our atmosphere, resulting in global warming and climate change. This carbon dioxide is also altering the chemistry of the oceans, causing them to become more acidic. From scientists and marine resource managers, to policy and decision-makers, there is growing concern that the process called ocean acidification could have drastic consequences on marine ecosystems. Such as altering species composition, disrupting marine food webs and ecosystems and harming fishing, tourism and other human activities connected to the sea.

To begin, Ocean Acidification is a complex issue that revolves around the pH level of the water in the oceans. According to Ocean Acidification by Gattuso and Lina “Ocean Acidification is a reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period, typically decades or longer, caused primarily by the uptake of CO 2 from the atmosphere” Scientists use the pH scale to describe the strength of acids and bases. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 with 0 being the most acidic and 14 the most basic. Gattuso and Lina address that, “Once dissolved in seawater, CO 2 is a weak acid which generates a number of changes in seawater chemistry.” Furthermore they state,“The ocean pH levels has decreased from approximately 8.2 to 8.1 between pre-industrial time and the 1990s, and may reach 7.8 in 2100.” The issue of Ocean Acidification is dependent on the pH levels of the oceans. The belief is lowered pH levels could cause disastrous effects to the millions of different types of sea life in the oceans. Scientists believe that a difference in pH levels could devastate the ecology of the oceans. For example, it is stated by Gattuso & Lina that, “Changes in the carbonate chemistry of seawater can have a wide range of effects, some of which may be mediated through disturbances in the acid–base status of affected organisms.” As a result, “The extracellular pH of body fluids in animals and the intracellular pH of various organisms are usually tightly regulated, but the capacity of regulatory

Acidification in the oceans kill the plant/animal life that is trying to strive at thy shore

In this lab the effect of changing the pH of water that leaf disks were submerged into to find the effect on the ET50 time of plants. The hypothesis was that if the pH is closer to a normal water pH than the ET50 time will be the smallest. This lab was conducted to see what different variables change the amount of time needed for photosynthesis to occur(ET50) . This is important because of acid rain being present in the world with climate change and the effect it can have on plants which has large tolls. Previous studies have shown that acid rain and a change in pH can have damaging effects on plants. One study, showed that, acid rain destroyed the chloroplast of soybeans the location of photosynthesis in plants which disrupted photosynthesis

Ocean acidification is where the ocean water becomes more acidic due to the amount of carbon dioxide in the water. Humans use fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas that release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Oceans absorb about one quarter of the carbon dioxide released each year, and since the amount of carbon dioxide in the water increases, it becomes more acidic (Ocean Acidification, NOAA). More acid in the water means that it will be lower on the pH scale and will release more hydrogen ions. This is in comparison to having more base in the water, where it will be higher on the pH scale and will release more hydroxyl ions. The pH scale rates the concentration of hydrogen in water, and acidic water releases more hydrogen ions than basic water. The scale goes from zero to fourteen, where a pH of seven is neutral, a pH less than seven is acidic, and a pH greater than seven is basic. Oceans have an average pH of 8.16, but that number is predicted to decrease

The purpose of this experiment was to test which plants are best to grow in acid prone areas by recording physical differences to plants when exposed to 50mL of different concentrations of sulphuric acid. Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide react with chemicals like water, oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Acid rain describes any form of precipitation with high levels of nitric and sulfuric acids. Although the acid from acid rain is weak, normally no more acidic than vinegar, it can seriously change the environment, damaging plants and aquatic ecosystems. Sulfuric acid was then used as a substitute for acid rain as it is one of the components of acid rain. Therefore, it

Increasing ocean acidification is the result of the high concentrations of CO2 in the ocean water. It has been explained that these high concentrations of CO2 come from the atmosphere which then dissolve into the water. The CO2 lowers the pH of the ocean thus making it more acidic. Now, scientists are saying that pollution is also increasing the rate of ocean acidification and damaging many oceanic communities such as the Great Barrier reef. With pollution floating in the water and on top of it, sunlight is blocked and is not able to reach plants and algae that undergo photosynthesis. This prevents the photosynthetic organism from soaking in the CO2 and converting it into oxygen. Without the plants going through photosynthesis, the ocean soaks up more CO2 and becomes more acidic. Ocean acidification is found to be extremely harmful, especially to marine animals with carbonate shells and skeletons. The acidification in the ocean makes it difficult for these marine animals to develop their shells and bones. Coral reefs and fish are also being negatively affected. The CO2 levels are affecting the fish’s ability to sense predators and instincts. To show how bad ocean acidification has gotten, the article shows that CO2 in the atmosphere and ocean went up by 30%. One of the feared long term affects ocean acidification may have is

Ocean acidification is a big problem in society but hasn’t been given the recognition needed. Before the industrial era began, the average pH at the ocean surface was estimated at 8.2 (slightly basic; 7.0 is neutral). In 2013 the average pH level was 8.1. Although the change may seem insignificant, similar natural shifts have taken 5,000 to 10,000 years but because of societal development this change occurred between 50 to 80 years. It was hypothesised that by the lowering the PH level of the experiment water it will have a decomposing effect on the organisms (shells).Three shells were placed in separate beakers with different levels of pH and were tested for the changes of mass (intervals of 2 to 3 days). Sample 2 of the experiment showed

At the start of essay, the author has introduced the concept of a pH scale in order to measure the extent of acidification in a water source. At 0, which is the lower end of scale, strong acids exist whereas at 14, which is the upper end of pH scale, strong bases exist. Sea water should have a pH of around 8.2 which has been reduced to 8.1 due to the release of CO2 in oceans. This indicates that the acidic nature of sea water has increased to about 30%. The author has predicted that if this trend continues, then by 2010, sea water would be 150% acidic

Pollution started entering the atmosphere in large amounts during the industrial revolution. In 1872 Robert A. Smith of Air in Manchester, England. Where during the industrial revolution he discovered the relationship between the atmosphere and acid rain. His results showed unusually high acidic levels of hydrogen ions. This is when the term Acid Rain was introduced. It was only later in 1980 when it was recognised on a more of a global scale.

From the precise moment, man first polluted the world, from burning fossil fuels to urbanization, many people were uneducated about the threatening long-term effects that came along with these massive innovations. One of the many serious threats is acid rain and a lot of people don’t notice the effects of this worldwide dilemma. It is now apparent that acid rain will now affect our everyday lives. Acid precipitation impacts the environment, the people, many animals, and industries in the world. When we burn fossil fuels nitrous and sulfuric gases are released into the atmosphere and these gases react with water and oxygen, therefore, making acid rain.(National Geographic,2017) Acid rain comes in many forms like snow, hail, and dust particles too. (Environmental Protection Agency, N.d) Acid rain destroys many habitats, ecosystems, wear down buildings and statues, and can contaminate many bodies of water in Canada. Acid rain is prevalent near the eastern side of Canada and has also made a huge impact in a city named Sudbury. Acid precipitation was very common in the mid 19 century due to industrialization and lack of technology and knowledge of pollution. We need to find new ways of producing electricity we burn too many fossil fuels, therefore, creating carbon emissions that are extremely harmful to the world and people around us and triggering the acid rain effect. Acid rain is a giant problem for the world and especially Canada it affects the environment around us and

From the precise moment, we first polluted the world, from burning fossil fuels to urbanization many people were uneducated about the threatening long-term effects that came along with these massive innovations. One of the many serious threats is acid rain a lot of people don’t notice the effects of this worldwide dilemma. When we burn fossil fuels nitrous gases are released into the atmosphere and these gases react with water and oxygen, therefore, making it rain filled with many sulfuric acids and chemicals.(National Geographic,2017) Acid rain destroys many habitats, ecosystems, wear down buildings and statues, and can contaminate many of the streams of water in Canada. Thousands of trees will we wiped out due to acid rain, therefore, damaging our huge exports of lumber. Our sources of water will now be contaminated and would not be accessible or safe to drink or use. Our water would have to go through many filters before it will be safe to drink. Now we realize the detrimental effects that come with acid rain from the dwindling surplus of trees to the harmful chemicals polluting our ecosystem it's time to stand and take action to this worldwide crisis.

We divided the time domain into three periods, baseline period (1990-2011) and mid future (2046-2065) and far future (2081-2099) periods for climate change scenario analysis in the present study. Moreover, the model requires good quality observed data (1990-2011) to calibrate with NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) data which obtained from the Global Yield Gap Atlas (GYGA, http://www.yieldgap.org). Depending on projection data availability in five regions for an observed period (1990-2011) and two future periods (2046-2065) and 2081-2100) were taken into consideration for future yield simulation of rice. The predicted changes in climate and their impacts need to be assessed relative to the observed period. The observed climate (1990-2011) is significantly different from the climate of the past years, for example, 1961-1990. Similarly, some climate change studies have been used the daily observed weather data as a reference (baseline period) climate (Kumar et al. 2014). Table 1 illustrates the relative change of mean maximum and minimum temperature, total

Some inevitable uncertainties associated with simulating rice yield response to climate change have existed on the model predictions, including the uncertainty of emission scenarios with climate models (Wang et al. 2014), the discrepancies between the outputs of climate model by downscaling technique and the input of crop model (Xu et al. 2015) and the uncertainty in model parameterization (Li et al. 2015).

In this study, two simulation schemes were developed using the ORYZA2000 to model climate change impacts on winter rice yield of Bangladesh. While we downscaled climate data driven by ORYZA2000 model to get the future scenario of how rice yield responses to climate change. The model shows that the simulated and measured rice yield data well matched with the calibrated and validated periods, suggesting the ORYZA2000 is applicable to simulate the rice yield in Bangladesh. In the global context, the results of rice yield showed that the developing countries like Bangladesh had lower yield of rice compared to other rice planting countries including the US, Australia, Japan, China and South Korea (Supplementary Fig. S2, FOASTAT 2012; George