Simulation of the Coiling of a Polymer Strand

If the temperature in the apparatus increases too quickly, it’s difficult to record to exact temperature at which the first drop of liquid falls and then again when the mixture is completely liquid. This would result in the wrong melting point range being recorded. Additionally, experiment three heavily relied on the results from experiment two. Failing to extract all the aspirin from the organic solution in experiment two would result in more impurities in the unknown component. Thus, lowering and broadening the melting point

    One possible source of error that can affect the results was that a mercury thermometer was used instead of an electronic one. The use of a mercury

It had a lot to do with the time and the amount of oxygen evolved. When holding the leveling bulb it seemed that the longer I had to hold it level the harder it became to be as accurate. I would find my arm getting tired and the bulb varying, which would also effect the times that we recorded. Another thing that could have affected our results was not putting the stopper on the Erlenmeyer flask fast enough, fumes from the formation of oxygen could have escaped before we got the stopper on, causing error in the amount and time in which the oxygen was evolved.

The control experiment for this investigation will be the experimental setup of 5 trials using 5oC as the temperature. All the steps in the method will be followed.

Again with the same temperatures of one degree, eleven degrees, twenty degrees, thirty degrees, and forty degrees. All the temperatures are in Celsius. The one degree C time is at 24.59 seconds, only two seconds off from the first trial. The eleven degrees C time has 20.39 seconds. At twenty degrees C, the data showed the time was 15.54 seconds. Thirty degrees C had the lowest time of the thirty degrees group, at 8.97. The last temperature was forty degrees C with the lowest time at 7.28 (See appendix two). All the data for trial two supports the hypothesis for this

A scale conversion is calculated and the measurements from each thermometer are examined to see how closely correlated they are. _M___

In order to fulfil the labs purpose, the lab was split into two parts. The first part consisted of measuring and determining the freezing point depression of the solution water. The second part consisted of measuring and determining the freezing point depression of a solution that consisted of water and an unknown solute.

This experiment has been done many times just simply in different forms. These scientists first began by researching about what temperature would increase or decrease the reaction rate. One of the sources state “Particles can only react when they collide” which shows in order for energy to be activated heat must be applied.So because of the disproportionately large increase in the number of high energy collisions, increasing the temperature increases reaction rate. The important words and concepts related to the scientist’s experiment and their deffinitions are:

The experiment is repeated twice and an average is obtained. This ensures the consistency of the measurement as the reading is triplicated, thus reducing anomalies. It can be seen that the reading obtained were around the same value. This proves that the results are reliable.

With time (t) on the x-axis and temperature (Celsius) on the y-axis, the exponential change could be easily observed. At the beginning of the laboratory the masses of the combined polypropylene test tube and 100 mL beaker were recorded by a digital electronic scale. A dry polypropylene test tube was obtained and approximately 2 mL of p-xylene was squirted into it with the use of a pipette. This was added to the beaker and weighed. 10 drops of toluene was then added and weighed again. The polypropylene test tube, which now contained 10 mL of p-xylene and 10 drops toluene was removed from the beaker and placed into a replica 100 mL beaker which was halfway filled with an ice water mixture. The temperature sensor, which was connected to the microlab application was placed inside of the polypropylene test tube and stirred rapidly around the outskirts of the bottom of the polypropylene test tube. The mixture began freezing, giving off an icy slush complex. Once the temperature appeared to have reached the nucleation point and leveled out at its freezing point, the application was stopped. This value was recorded in the laboratory manual. The temperature sensor was rinsed off then wiped, the beaker was re-filled with ice, and the test tube was put into the test tube rack to be thawed. Once thawed, this was discarded into the waste bin

Many of us go through our daily lives and activities without much thought on how

Even though the result of an experiment is accurate and matches the literature value, it does not mean that there were no mistakes made. As the difference of the percentage uncertainty and the percentage error suggests there were random errors made. First of them was the heat energy lost to the surrounding environment during the experiment process taking place. This caused the recorded highest temperature to be smaller than the actual highest temperature that was meant to reach. This could have been prevented by adding in more and perfect

was too fast to measure and so for my scale to reach above that, I

As stated, our solvent in this lab will be tert-butanol. We start by recording the freezing point of this substance without anything added. Then, we add various

Laminar flow and convective heat transfer of water/alumina nanofluid inside horizontal annuli with a streamwise moving inner cylinder are investigated theoretically. Employed model for alumina/water nanofluid is the modified two-component four-equation non-homogeneous equilibrium model that fully accounts for the effects of nanoparticles volume fraction distribution. Aiming to consider the effects of thermal boundary conditions on nanoparticles migration, two cases including constant heat flux at the outer wall and insulated inner wall (Case A) and constant heat flux at the inner wall with insulated outer wall (Case B) have been considered. The numerical results obtained indicated that the thermal boundary conditions at the pipe walls are significantly affecting the nanoparticle volume fraction distribution particularly in the cases where the ratio of Brownian motion to thermophoretic diffusivities is small. Moreover, increasing the velocity of the moving inner cylinder reduce the heat transfer rate for case A. In this case nanoparticles migration has negative effects on the performance of the heat transfer system as it decreases the heat transfer rate. In contrast, in case B, movement of the inner cylinder enhance the heat transfer rate and anomalous heat transfer enhancement take place when the thermophoretic force is dominant (larger nanoparticles).