Skeletal Muscle Atrophy

Kang, C., Goodman, C., Hornberger, T., & Ji, L. (2012). Pgc-1 alpha Enhances Skeletal Muscle Recovery From Disuse Atrophy. Medicine And Science In Sports And Exercise, 44,

Abstract: In this experiment the measurements of skeletal muscle fibers of the rabbit are in millimeters. The average length for the three muscle fibers after adding the solution A which contained only 0.25% ATP in distilled water was 20 mm. The average length for the three muscle fibers after adding the solution C which contained 0.5M KCl and 0.001M MgCl2 in distilled water was 1.77 mm and the average length for the three muscle fibers after adding the solution B which contained 0.25 % ATP and 0.5 M KCl with 0.001 M Mgcl2 in water was 1.77 mm.

Muscular dystrophy is a group pf chronic diseases that is caused by degeneration of skeletal muscles over time. It is caused by a mutated gene can affect people of all ages (Prince, 2012). It has different types which are Duchenne, Becker, limb-girdle, congenital, facioscapulohumeral, myotonic, oculopharyngeal, distal, and Emery-Dreifuss dystrophies. This paper will focus on Duchene Musclar Dystrophy (DMD) which is the most common form of muscular dystrophy. The purpose of this paper is to show how respiration is affected by Duchene muscular dystrophy and how it can be treated.

Several cross-sectional, observational studies have related sarcopenia to decline of functional status, such as mobility performance, self-reported functional limitations, and disability, it is well established that the aging process itself is associated with numerous changes in the human body. One of the most significant age-related anatomical changes is that which happens to the skeletal muscle mass (Visser and Schaap, 2011).

What do you think of when you hear the word muscular dystrophy? Some people may have no idea as others may have firsthand experience dealing with this disease or having extensive knowledge on the subject. The purpose of this paper is to inform any healthcare professional, anyone taking care of someone with muscular dystrophy, or anyone interesting on being informed about Muscular dystrophy. This paper will provide an overview of muscular dystrophy as well as the different types and the problems associated with muscular dystrophy. Also, this paper will go into detail about what is being done in order to help patients that suffer from this disorder. Current individuals who have a lot of knowledge on muscular dystrophy will gain a better

Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that cause an abnormal progressive deteriorating of the muscles, leading to muscle weakness. Many different types of dystrophy are known, characterized by the muscle groups affected. The disease is caused from a genetic mutation that prevents a protein essential for normal muscle activity from being made, or being produced correctly. In each type of muscular dystrophy, a different protein is irregular (Emery, 2008). Furthermore, because this disease is due to a genetic mutation, there is no cure to fix the mutation. Therefore treatment is used to attend to the problems caused by the dystrophy and treatment strives to create a pleasant life for the patient. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, treatment methods include multiple types of therapy, including respiratory, physical, speech, drug, and occupational, as well as surgery (NINDS, 2011). Hydrotherapy, a type of physical therapy in water and its effects on muscular dystrophy patients will be focused on in the succeeding study.

Aging processing leads to physiological changes in the body composition (Yu et al., 2014). Specifically, there is a decline in the muscle mass. This loss of muscle mass has been illustrated to be the main factor of strength reduction in aging (Goodpaster et al., 2006). From the age of 50 to 70 years, the reduction of muscle mass is about 8% per decade. After that, the muscle mass loss is approximately increased to be about 15% per decade (Yu et al., 2014). The loss of muscle mass and strength throughout aging is called sarcopenia (Yu et al., 2014). Sarcopenia is often linked to frailty and bone

glycogenolysis. However, muscle fatigue depends on many factors and in our time, is still not

Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of muscle fibers due to injury. The injury may come from physical damage to the muscle like an injury but other causes are:

There are different types of diseases that can affect the ability of the skeletal and muscular systems that are caused by many factors including nutrition to exercise, two of the most important. Muscular Dystrophy (MD) is a muscular disease in which many different, smaller genetic diseases combine and contribute to the creation of progressive weakening and muscle mass digression. This muscular disease, though rare, is very serious and can’t be cured in any way if acquired. In the United States, there are fewer than 200,000 cases of muscular dystrophy per year, mostly affection ages 0-40. As this age range of cases is so wide, the disease has to be medically diagnosed using lab tests or imaging. Also shown

Grave muscle weakness- latin expression= happens when the autoimmune disease affects the skeletal muscle. It affects extraocular muscles( control eyelids) ( control movement) causing an individual to have double vision, or diplopia, or ptosis or ,drooping eyelids.

What is muscle atrophy? Muscle atrophy is the “decrease in size or wasting away of a body parts, tissue, or muscle.” Why is muscle atrophy important? For example if you break your ulna bone and have it in a caste for a few months, than your muscles on the bone that you broke would be considerably diminished to the muscle on your other arm. This raises the questions of “What happens to astronauts muscles in space? And how are we handling muscle atrophy in space?”

Myostatin is one of the cardinal inhibitory factors in skeletal muscle regeneration. We found a significant increase in myostatin in the old skeletal muscle fibers that was prevented with GH replacement therapy. Growth hormone has been used for some years to increase muscle mass, but the data supporting an associated increase in function have not been confirmed. (Giannoulis et al., 2012).

Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by 1. systemic inflammation, 2. body weight loss, 3. atrophy of adipose tissue, and 4. skeletal muscle wasting. CAC is observed in a majority of cancer patients with advanced disease.

“Skeletal muscle is a protein reservoir that can be mobilised in times of need” – A Goldberg. Muscle ‘atrophy is defined as a decrease in the size of a tissue or organ due to cellular shrinkage; the decrease in cell size is caused by the loss of organelles, cytoplasm and proteins’ (Sandri, M. and Bonaldo, P. 2013). Muscle atrophy is the wasting away of muscles mainly due to inactivity or in this patient’s case, being bed ridden for 2 months. The principle of use it or lose it comes into play as the muscle is not being used and the body decides to stop providing a nutrient supply for the muscle and thus the atrophy of muscle occurs. Muscle mass increases following atrophy through a process of hypertrophy; the enlargement of muscle fibres. ‘Muscle