Skeletal Muscle Research Paper

The nervous system is made of two systems which consist of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is composed of the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves in the body. The peripheral nervous system is composed of nerves and a bundle of nerve cells called ganglia, which is located on the outside of the spinal cord and the brain. The nervous system is responsible for controlling and communicating with other parts in the body to maintain blood pressure, breathing, and other essential functions to carry out an ordinary lifestyle (Zimmermann, K.A., 11 March

Actin and myosin are contractile proteins that are essential for muscle contraction (Powers). A contraction is triggered by a series of events called the crossbridge cycle. In a muscle fiber, the functional unit of contraction is called a sarcomere (Powers). A sarcomere contains myofibrils, which consist of actin and myosin myofilaments. The sarcomere shortens when myosin heads and thick myofilaments form crossbridges with actin molecules and thin myofilaments. The formation of a crossbridge is initiated when calcium ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to troponin. An action potential triggers this release of these ions. The binding of calcium ions causes troponin to change shape. Tropomyosin moves away from the myosin binding cites on actin, allowing the myosin head to bind actin and form a crossbridge. When ATP on the myosin head has not been hydrolyzed yet, the myosin head is inactivated, or in the uncocked position. The myosin head has to be activated before a crossbridge cycle can begin (Powers). This occurs when ATP binds to the myosin head and is hydrolyzed to Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate. The enzyme that breaks this ATP down is called myosin ATPase, which is located on the myosin head. The energy from the hydrolysis activates the myosin head putting it into the cocked position. The activated myosin head binds to actin forming a crossbridge. Then inorganic

Peripheral nervous system- The PNS is made up of many sense organs, sensory neurons and ganglia. This allows communication between the body and the CNS.

During a stretch when the muscle is under contraction the myosin pulls the actin to the centre of the sarcomere, this is the basic concept of contraction. The myosin and actin overlap causing them to become bigger as the stretch carries on, refer to figure 4 for the contracted muscles diagram. The overlap between the myosin and actin becomes slacker and the fibres are able to elongate. Figure 4 demonstrate this exact action as the muscle becomes relaxed and elongates. When a muscle is stretched, it is extended to its maximum length: sarcomere to sarcomere, the muscle fibres will reach its maximum resting length, which causes additional tension. The connective tissue which is the tissue that surrounds the fascicles take up the slack, spreading tension throughout the muscle creating a line of tension. The disarranged muscle fibres straighten up in the line of tension, figure 4 displays the stretched form the muscle through a diagram with labelling. This is curial to the restoration of tissue in the specific muscle targeted for

Autonomic Nervous System- the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.

In order to effectively study the mechanics of the frog muscle contraction, it is important to understand the physiology of that particular muscle. The gastrocnemius muscle of the frog is attached to the heel bone by the Achilles tendon and runs up the tibiofibular bone to the knee. The calf muscle is an example of a muscle tissue type known as skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is capable of contracting because of the proteins actin and myosin binding together, pulling the muscle. This process begins with the body receiving a stimulus. That stimulus is transferred into action potentials that travel to the muscle via the motor neuron attached to the muscle fiber. These action potentials initiate the release of Calcium in the axon terminal of

These muscles requires actin filaments and myosin filaments interacting with each other in-order for movement. [1] The myosin are aligned between the actin and muscle contraction is brought through the sliding of the two filaments. The myosin head can tightly bind to the place on the actin molecule but generally there are other proteins which prevent the binding called tropomyosin (form a filament which semi curve around the myosin where the actin would possibly bind) and troponin (variety of different proteins).[2] Naturally ATP has bounded to the myosin head and when this happens the energy is slit into ADP and phosphate, however both would still remain attached to myosin. The tropomyosin is coving the binding place for myosin to attach to

The nervous systems of the body consist of the Central nervous system (CNS), Autonomic nervous system (ANS), and the Peripheral nervous system (PNS). But in this weeks discussion we're centering on the Central and Peripheral nervous systems. The CNS as a whole is known to be the most organized system in the entire body consisting the brain and spinal cord. Its job is to form a communication from the stimuli's located around our body. From there the brain deciphers the info given and carries out the activities.

Myosin is a motor protein that uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to move along actin filaments. All myosins are composed of a 'tail' domain at their carboxy terminus and a globular 'head' domain at their amino terminus. The 'heads' contain sites for ATP binding. A complete round of ATP hydrolysis produces a single 'step' or movement of myosin along the actin

The nervous system comprises the central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves, together with their motor and sensory endings.

There are two ways to classify the nervous system: structural and functional classifications. Structural classification includes all the organs of the nervous system. There are two groups that forms nervous system: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). CNS covers the brain and spinal cord of the human body. It unites and gives orders to the nervous system. It translates incoming sensory information and gives directions based on past experiences and the current environment. PNS covers parts of the nervous system outside the CNS. It includes the cranial and spinal nerves which extends from the brain and spinal cord of the human body. Spinal nerves transports impulses to and from the spinal cord; yet, cranial nerves

In this phase measurable Muscle shortening does occur but only when there is a sequence of events like binding of calcium to troponin, powerstroke, and coupling of the myosin cross bridge with actin, dissociation of actin and myosin and last but not least resetting of the myosin head position which is repeated over and over again throughout the muscle fiber. This all only occurs when calcium, ATP and more than enough active myosin ATPase is available for the breakdown of the ATP.

The breakdown of ATP releases energy which enables the Myosin to pull the Actin filaments inwards and so shortening the muscle. This occurs along the entire length of every myofibril in the muscle cell. The Myosin detaches from the Actin and the cross-bridge is broken when an ATP molecule binds to

The human nervous system is divided into two parts, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system, CNS, is just the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system, PNS, includes the nerves and neurons that extend outwards from CNS, to transmit information to your limbs and organs for example. Communication between your cells is extremely important, neurons are the messengers that relay information to and from your brain.

The primary function for the nervous system is to communicate within the body to maintain homeostasis. Two major functions of the nervous system is the central and peripheral nervous system. The CNS consist of the brain and the spinal cord, and the PNS consist of the nervous tissue outside of the CNS. The PNS divides in different systems such as somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous system. Somatic nervous system transmit signal from receptors to the cells located in the skin and eye, and the autonomic nervous system relays messages between the CNS and the heart, lung, and other glands and organs. Autonomic nervous system consist of two branches sympathetic and parasympathetic. Sympathetic system speeds up the muscle due to a reaction to