Skeletal Muscles

and stability allowing the knee joint to slightly rotate the body before and while releasing the ball and lastly the tarsals,metatarsal and phalanges (comprise the bones of the foot to allow

Balance is your body’s ability to stabilize itself during movements that require a shift of your centre of gravity. An athlete's centre of gravity is the exact middle of the body around which it can rotate freely in any direction and where the weight balanced on all opposite sides. It exists at a point along the midline of the body at about 55% of the athlete's height (Reference.) During a volleyball serve, it is easy to see where good balance would be essential, if your stance is off then that will lead to the toss being wrong and the athlete won’t have correct contact with the ball. To increase balance and stability one can do this by standing with their legs apart lowering themselves in a half squat position at the knees. By lowering the centre of gravity it will ensure and increase stability level. When an athlete’s centre of gravity is over their base of support adequate stability is achieved. In volleyball during a dig a player will stand with a split stance and lunge to the ball which allows them to perform an effective dig. If an athlete was to reach their arms out and not move their feet under their

The first motion is flexion of the thigh. This is important in order to throw the opponent forward. This brings their arm closer to your body for the later part of the move, as well as, distributing their weight in order to make the movement phase easier. The agonists of this motion are the iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor, rectus femoris, sartoris, pectineus, gluteus minimum, and the tensor fascia latae. Opposing this are the antagonist muscles, which extend the thigh. These are the biceps femoris, semitendinosis, semimembranosis, and the gluteus maximus.

There are many muscles involved in a free throw. The tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges are located in the feet, allowing there to be balance in an individual’s stance before the ball is released. This is important because your feet need to be aligned correctly, facing the rim, to ensure the shot will be successful. The patella is located in the front of the kneecap which contracts due to the movement of the tibia, fibula and femur. While the lower body is bent, the humerus, ulna, radius and carpals need to bend. For the individual to gain power, the patella, tibia, fibular, femur, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges will work together to bend, then extend the lower body. As the lower body extends,

Each individual has a skill they may be better at then others. That is why it is a “team” sport, not a “one-man” game.

From \cite{aus} and \cite{childers2012measurement} the biomechanics of the hip is studied. When we walk, during the initial contact the hip moves towards extension. However once the heel contacts the ground range of extension reduces. With short stump it stays in flexion.

The driving phase of running requires the hip and knee joints to extend, and the ankle joints to flex and extend, which in turn, engage the gluteus-maximus, hamstrings, quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles. The quadriceps muscles bend the hip and straighten the knee and the quadriceps stabilize the knee and help absorb shock impact of landing.

The female exerciser begins executing the bird dog while positioned on her hands and knees. She raises her left arm while simultaneously extending her right hip and knee. The muscle fibers of her anterior deltoid engage and act as the agonist for shoulder flexion while the gluteus maximus engages as the agonist for hip extension. The quadriceps femoris group act as the agonist for knee extension. The antagonists for shoulder flexion are the posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and the triceps brachii. The antagonist for her hip extension is the iliopsoas while the hamstring group is the antagonist for knee extension. The upper fibers of her pectoralis major, along with the biceps brachii

The action of the push-off foot and the leg is the most important in determining the effectiveness of a traveling leap. To maximize the height and distance, the dancer should turn his or her foot in so that it points in the direction of the motion. This creates a large available angle of extension during the takeoff, creating an overall strong leap (Laws & Sugano, 2008). Additionally, according to a study conducted on the effect of jumping distance on component ankle and knee joint axial forces generated during the landing phase of traveling jumps, dancers must develop more horizontal velocity during longer jumps to travel farther in the same amount of time as shorter jumps. The results of a study found that, at longer jump distances, there were significant increases for the peak horizontal ground reaction forces, as predicted. However, the peak ground reaction forces increased at greater jump distances, which was not anticipated. Therefore, at greater jump distances, greater knee extensor movements were required to reduce the vertical momentum of the body (Simpson & Kanter,

Along with the outcomes associated with developmental levels. If differences in the variables were found “to be significantly associated with the differences in component levels, determine potential kinematic constraints associated with skilled throwing acquisition.” The same procedures in part 1 were used to collect the data for part 2. The 11 variables were chosen because they “define specific kinematic elements identified in the biomechanical and developmental literature as critical to ball velocity and performance

Your iliopsoas is attached to your femur, crosses your hips, and attaches to the lower ribs. This muscle promotes flexing of the hip and spine rotation. Your sartorius runs diagonally across the front of your thigh and is a long, narrow muscle which assists with both bending of the hip and knee. Your tensor fascia latae is a thin muscle that runs from the pelvis to the tibia and assists with hip flexion as well as leg abduction. While both the primary and secondary muscles play a large role in the overall movement, it could not be performed properly without the stabilizing muscles. This muscle involves the tibialis anterior, which runs from the top of your shin bone down to your first metatarsal, (big toe) and helps you flex your ankle. As you come into a sitting position, slight tension is along the front of the legs. This is your tibialis anterior becoming engaged in order to keep your ankle

While the upper limbs and back are required in gait stabilisation, it is the lower limbs which are predominantly involved, with the hip, knee and ankle joints being most significant

The main movements when running take place in the lower body, the leg action when running involves the hip, knee and ankle joints, the joints produces two actions; driving phase and recovery phase. Driving phase is when the leg is in contact with the floor and recovery phase is when the leg is in action. Driving phase when running, requires the hip and knee joint to extended and the ankle plantar to be flexed, the muscles engaged are gluteus maximus, hamstrings, quadriceps and

Web searching provided in in depth information about excises, particularly related to the improvement of the vertical jump. A wide majority of the exercises target quads, hams, calves and glutes, noted by Greenlee, A. (2013) and Baggett, K. (2015). Baggett, K. (2015) article was based on the exercise to improve performance in the vertical jump as well

A volleyball bump is also known as a pass. It is the first contact with the ball following a serve from the other team. The first bump is hit close to the net, so that it can be set up for a spike.