Skim Milk

1. A 12 year-old boy fell while playing basketball. The physician explained that the head

Building denser bones is extremely important for the elderly and especially elderly women. Osteoporosis is the gradual thinning of bone mass and bone density (“Osteoporosis”). Osteoporosis is a very common disease amongst women and it is estimated that approximately 1 out of 5 women in the United States of America over the age of 50 years have Osteoporosis (“Osteoporosis”). At least half of all women over 50 will fracture a major bone such as a hip, spine, arm, or wrist (“Osteoperosis”). Osteoporosis is a very painful, debilitating, and even fatal disease that can be prevented through good diet and most importantly physical activity such as weightlifting. Studies have shown that the risk of Osteoporosis is lower for people who are more active and especially for those who participate in activities such as weightlifting (“Bone Builders”). The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research conducted a study measuring the bone density of athletes and all of the athletes on average had 13% higher bone density than non-athletes; the highest being in athletes who

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

I would recommend decreasing caffeine intake, stop smoking, strength training exercises, walking, eat dark green leafy vegetables for calcium,

Studies have shown that both estrogen and raloxifene, a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, can prevent the loss of bone mass in postmenopausal women. Alendronate, a bisphosphonate is an alternative to estrogen for bone protection. Calcitonin is another treatment used by women for osteoporosis. This drug has been shown to slow bone breakdown and also may reduce the pain associated with osteoporotic fractures. Treatments under investigation include other bisphosphonates, sodium fluoride, para-thyroid hormone, vitamin D metabolites, and other selective estrogen receptor modulators.

Osteoporosis is a secondary aging musculoskeletal disorder that increases bone degeneration and disruption of bone mineral development. A major challenge with treating osteoporosis lies in the difficulty of diagnosing it in the early stages, because no symptoms appear until an actual complication such as a bone fracture occurs. Thus, osteoporosis is known as a “silent disease” (Cosman, 2014). During the childhood years, bones normally grow in size and strength until the person’s peak bone mass has been reached at approximately 20 years old. Around 40 to 50 years old, men and women are affected by age related decline in bone mass (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, n.d.). Women above 40 years old and of Chinese or Caucasian ethnicity are of high risk for developing osteoporosis (Wilbiks lecture, 2014). Other risk contributions to the condition include old age, female gender, small body size, low calcium and vitamin D, decrease of estrogen, lack of exercise and genetics. A slender, thin-boned tall woman is at greater risk for osteoporosis compared to a woman with a proportional amount of fat, bone and height. To prevent the development osteoporosis, people who are at high risk should take preventative measures, and this guide suggests three methods that have been supported by various researchers: 1) Supplementing calcium into diet; 2) Changing lifestyle patterns; and 3) Quitting smoking. All these preventative measures have been shown to

Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density and the decay of bone fibers resulting in weaker bones; making bones deteriorated and vulnerable to fractures (Sharma and Khandelwal., 2010). Osteoporosis is a disease that affects men and women. According to a study half of the women and one-eighth of the men would suffer from bone fractures caused by osteoporosis during their life span (Anders, Tuner, and Freeman, 2013). Osteoporosis turns into a considerable health problem mainly for women after menopausal years; as women aged their Bone Mineral Density (BMD) decreases as the risks of bone fractures increase (Mendoza-Romo et al., 2014). Why are women at risk of developing osteoporosis? Bone health is directly

One of the functions of calcium is bone and tooth formation. My low intake of calcium will affect my bone and toot formation.

Calcium modifications are the results of to low or to high calcium levels. When calcium levels are to low compromises in bone integrity will occur. Adults 50 years of age and older are encouraged to increase calcium intake to help prevent osteoporosis. Patients with thyroid dysfunctions may experience low hormone levels causing low calcium secretion. Kidney disease, liver disease and pancreatitis also decrease the calcium level due to the effects of absorptions of vitamins and minerals in the body. Patients that have a calcium deficiency are encouraged to

Calcium or vitamin D deficiency can lead to weakened bones. Many parts of your body need calcium to function such as

Older women have to go through menopause, which is a normal transition in life out of menstruation. The drug companies have medicalized this natural process; now menopause often causes fear in woman about aging and chronic diseases (Abramson). Drug companies have attempted to profit from this fear with the “menopause disease”, of Osteoporosis (Abramson). It is all about the loss of bone density and the resulting fractures that inevitably happens. Fosamax is the prescription of choice for this disease and the scientific data shows it increases bone density (Abramson). However, the same data, when examined closer, shows that woman using the drug to improve bone density are 84 percent more likely to suffer a hip fracture (Abramson). Alternatively, a calcium and vitamin D rich diet and weight bearing exercises like walking or climbing stairs will help prevent falls (Carr, Rabkin, and Skinner 32). Falls are the top cause of the fractures in senior woman and exercising is 200 percent more effective than Fosamax for preventing fractures (Abramson). Once again, a pill comes before a reliable and healthy fix.

Osteoporosis is a generalized, progressive diminution of bone tissue mass per unit volume, causing skeletal weakness, even though the ratio of mineral to organic elements is unchanged in the remaining morphologically normal bone. Histologically there is a reduction in cortical thickness and in the number and size of the trabeculae of cancellous bone, normal width of the osteoid seams. Bone reabsorption is increased, bone formation appears to be normal but be defective. The major clinical manifestations of osteoporosis are bone fractures. The most common form of metabolic bone disease is the idiopathic osteoporosis in sub-adults of both sexes with normal gonadal functions. Post menopausal osteoporosis, of course between 50 & 70 years of age, and is six times more common in women than men (pathologia). There is a much greater loss of trabecular bone (cancellous) than cortical bone. It is largely responsible for vertebral crush fracture cooles’ fractures. Senile osteoporosis occurs mainly in individuals older than 70 years of age, is twice as common in women compared to men. It affects both trabecular and cortical

One condition that affects women is osteoporosis. Men can be afflicted with the condition but it is more common in women. When calcium is deficient in your body, it will rob it from your bones. For the under 40 mom, 1,000 milligrams of calcium each day is the recommended dose. Once you pass the age of 40, your daily requirement is upped to between 1,200 and 1,500 milligrams.

When foods state they contain calcium it is best to read the labels to ensure you are getting enough. An “excellent source” of calcium contains 200 mg whereas a “good source” of calcium contains between 100 and 190 mg worth of calcium. Other foods may be labeled as “calcium-fortified” or “calcium enriched”, these foods only contain 100 mg or less of the amount of calcium compared to a similar serving of foods that are non-fortified with this nutrient.

Felson, D. T., Zhang, Y., Hannan, M. T., Kiel, D. P., Wilson, P., & Anderson, J. J. (1993). The effect of postmenopausal estrogen therapy on bone density in elderly women. New England Journal of Medicine, 329(16), 1141-1146.