Skin Pathology

About 20 million years after Pappochelys, we began to see a more similar looking ancestor to the turtle, the Odontochelys semitestacea. O.semitestacea was roaming the planet in the Late Triassic era in modern day China. Odontochelys differed a lot from modern turtles. Modern day turtles possess a horned like beak without any teeth present in their mouth, while Odontochelys fossils showed that teeth were found embedded in their upper and lower jaws. One of the most interesting features of turtles, both modern and prehistoric, are their shells that formed an armored protective casing over its body. Odontochelys only possessed the plastron (the bottom portion of a turtle's armor) and it had yet to develop a solid carapace. Instead of a carapace,

Sedimentary rocks interpret dinosaur habitats through encased environmental structures of the past. Through sedimentary rocks, paleoecologists’ can examine the arranged formation of sedimentary structures to specify what type of environment the dinosaurs’ lived in. An example of a specific sedimentary rock structure can be seen through formed weathering and ripple marks by how wind and sand formed distinct patterns in the past layered sediment. These arrangements provide interpretations on the structure of the sediment and the habitat of encased fossils, through modern day comparisons

From both the title of the chapter and the introduction by Dr. Shubin, this chapter begins with a focus on teeth. Because the function of teeth is to break down food before it enters the esophagus, the different shapes of teeth can represent many different things about the organism it belongs to including what type of eater it was (carnivore, herbivore, or omnivore). Teeth are the hardest tissue (not bone) in the human body and therefore fossilize well. As Dr. Shubin stated in chapter one, there must be many points that permit a fossil to make any kind of scientific conclusion. Obviously, the state of their presence is important, so the fact that teeth preserve well allows for them to be great specimens for analysis. Dr. Shubin and his team analyzed fossilized teeth in areas as different as Nova Scotia and the Arizona desert. Studying different fossils in these diverse regions allowed the team to see that mammalian and reptilian teeth are very different. For example, mammalian teeth differ from organism to organism to fit with the organisms need (Cheetahs that eat only meat will have different teeth than deer who are herbivores) and are replaced only once in the lifetime of the organism while reptilian teeth are usually sharp and are constantly replaced if damaged. These differences allowed scientists to characterize fossils as either a reptile or a mammal. Similar to Tiktaalik discussed in chapter one, the discovery of fossils that were part reptile and part mammal allowed the researchers to see that mammals evolved from reptiles, and further supported the theory of evolution. Further studies yielded even more

Figure ‎3 16 : A photo and SEM micrographs of flank face; (a) photo of flank wear and tool wear region (b) SEM micrograph of flank face, rake face, and adhered layer observed on flank face near the nose (c) highly magnified flank face shows scratches and grooves caused by TiC

Oldowan tools are a very rudimentary form of a stone tool in which it is formed simply by smashing two rocks together until the rock splinters. If the splinter becomes sharp, it can be used as a tool for cutting. These tools were likely used for scavenging and cutting meat from animals that were previously killed by another predator. An individual would either use the oldowan tool to scrape and cut meat from a bone, or smash the cranial and long bones to obtain brain matter or bone marrow. The bones of local fauna show a parallel scrape marks that indicate tool use. Under a microscope, one can see the patterns created by these tools. If the marks were in a “V” shape, it would indicate a scrape pattern consistent with the bite of a carnivore. Because of the parallel scrape marks; we can deduce that tools made the

When it comes to treating acne, Asheboro Dermatology & Skin Surgery in West End, NC, has successfully treated patients with Accutane (Isotretinoin), a drug taken orally to help eliminate the redness, scarring and scabbing that’s often associated with the skin condition.

On the exposed hillsides of the Tsagayan Formation located in Kundur, Russia, a team of paleontologists discovered an almost complete skeleton of a hadrosaurid showing an extensive infection spreading into the shoulders, seemingly stemming from a repaired, but misfigured, fracture in her left front leg. Another piece left behind shows faintly scarred over skin if looked at closely. Surrounding fossils include turtles, protoceratops, and crocodiles. This specimen, discovered to be an Olorotitan, which means giant swan, named so for their longer than normal necks like that of a swan, would be named Odette, from the ballet Swan Lake. This discovery of this sample, proved to have a traumatic lifestyle as a juvenile until their death, allows us

North Dallas Dermatology Associates is a dermatology clinic that is located in Dallas, Texas. North Dallas Dermatology Associates was established in 2000. Their services include cosmetic dermatology, medical dermatology, facial treatments, body contouring and skin tightening, and laser treatments. Their cosmetic dermatology treatments include Botox, Dysport, Cosmetic Fillers, Juvederm Voluma, Sculptra Aesthetic, and more. Their facial treatments include chemical peels, facials, OxyGeneo, microdermabrasion, and MicroNeedling with PRP. Their dermatologists are board-certified.

The detractors of “Nonavian Feathers in a Late Triassic Archosaur” believe that the feather-like impressions in the fossil are not even feathers at all. Based on the angle and shape of the imprints, many paleontologists believe that they were left by ‘highly modified scales’, or possibly even ferns that had fallen on the animal’s body after death.4

I chose my topic because I have a skin condition, and I thought it might be a good idea to research different skin disorders. I have eczema on my foot and it was a very irritable skin disorder to go through. But thanks to the miracle of modern day medicine, all I'm left with is a scar and it is barely noticeable. Since that's my skin disorder I will begin with eczema and work my way down to pressure sores.

Pediatric Primary Care Physicians (PCP) deal with several visits related to skin problems. Children present with common skin diseases differently than adults. PCPs ought to be capable of treating a majority of these children (Prindaville, Antaya, and Siegfried, 2015). A very valuable skill for all PCPs to possess is the ability to recognize common skin conditions. The skin functions as an important barrier to dehydration and infection. It is imperative to acknowledge that any deterioration in the normal function of the skin can cause morbidity and mortality, especially in babies due to vulnerability to loss of heat, infection and dehydration. Varicella, Impetigo and Atopic Dermatitis are three common pediatric skin diseases.

A skin biopsy performed in left arm injury showed squamous-crust dermatites, subcorneal spongiform pustule, psoriasiform epidermal hyperplasia and moderate superficial mixed inflammatory infiltrate composed by mononuclear lymphocytes and eosinophils (Figure 2). These findings were compatible with pharmacodermia. There was progressive improvement of skin lesions after one week of the intravenous antibiotic therapy and the higher dose of oral prednisone (Figure 1D). Patient was discharged and prednisone was tapered 10 mg per week until withdrawal.

First, Crichton noted that duckbilled dinosaurs were herbivores which are supported by a trace fossil found in the coal beds of the western North America that indicated footprints with plant fossils (Martin 2006). Furthermore, duckbilled dinosaurs lived in a vegetated environment that they had to consume enough food relative to their body size. Duckbilled dinosaurs had lengthened their skull and smoothed snout to obtain and process more food. The Dilophosaurus was described as two curved crests that extended from the eyes to the nose. The crest created a V shape on the head with red and black stripes on the crests (Crichton, 1990). Based on fossil evidence, the Dilophosaurus had two crests on the head, but there was no indication of the pigment of the crest. Next, the book stated that the T. rex does not bite the prey, instead, it twisted and tore the

These techniques led to the discovery of the boundary between the two eras. A single thin layer of clay found within predominantly limestone rocks established this. By comparing the marine life found in, above, and below the clay, the marine life, like the dinosaurs, had been terribly affected by the extinction event. The percentage of life in the upper layers was dramatically lower than that in the lower. This was far more compelling than what was suggested by dinosaur’s fossils.

Typically, most animals of the class mammalia typically have relatively less durable outer dermal layers than other classes of animal, such as reptiles. It can be seen particularly in humans (Homo sapiens), where their skin is vulnerable to many external hazards. However, some mammals have developed independently to obtain much more durable dermal protection. Highlighted here specifically, will be the specimens within the families of Manidae and Dasypodidae. Respectively these families represent the animals, the pangolin and armadillo. Although of very different classes, orders, etc. these specific mammals have developed the ability to protect themselves with their own outer coverings. The