1. Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment I and punishment II are all apart of Skinner’s theory of Operant Conditioning, which is the control of a human being’s intentional responses, and then stresses on a person’s actions. Positive Reinforcement is giving a person something they want after a certain behavior that is preferred. For example, Sally can never keep her room clean during the week; her parents have told her that if she keeps her room clean during the week, then her friends can come stay the night on the weekends. In this situation the behavior is encouraged by the direct reward. The stimulus is her friends getting to stay the night on the weekend and the behavior that is increased is keeping her room clean during …show more content…
For example, Timmy’s parents are having a hard time getting him to stay in bed at night; they tell him that if he stays in his bed all night then he does not have to make his bed in the morning. The stimulus removed was the bed being made, and the behavior that is increased is staying in his bed all night. Punishment I is when you add a punishment that the person does not like, to decrease a specific behavior. For example, when a student writes on a bathroom stall during school, the principle makes the student go into I.S.S. (in school suspension) alone. The I.S.S is the punishment, and the response that is being reduced is the child writing on the bathroom stall. Punishment II is when something is removed that the individual enjoys, in order to get the desired behavior. For example, if a child writes on the bathrooms stall, they may not be allowed to play in basketball games for a month. Not getting to play basketball is the punishment and the response that is being reduced is writing on the …show more content…
Ivan Pavlov was a theorist of classical conditioning (behaviorism). He believed that behavior can be learned. His experiment involved dogs who usually salivated at seeing food, and then by the end of the experiment the dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a bell. Pavlov’s experiment reinforced the reoccurring of one occasion in the expectancy of another. This experiment and conclusion happens through a preconditioned phase (how the person or animal acts initially), the condition phase (how the person or animal acts to the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus), and the post conditioned phase (how the person or animal acts to the conditioned stimulus).
3. Julian Rotter was a theorist of social learning theory. He suggested that a person’s personality correspond to the happening of that person’s environment. He has four components in this theory and they are; behavior potential, expectancy, reinforcement value, and psychological situation. All of these components have to do with a person’s certain response, past experiences, the various outcomes, and what conclusion the come to about the situation.
4. Counter-conditioning is the process of taking a certain response to a stimulus and reconditioning that response, with that stimulus. In this example, in order to do counter conditioning the teacher would need to remove the uncomfortable stimulus associated with her raising her hand and implement a comfortable
Negative reinforcement is removing an unpleasant consequence when a behavior is exhibited in order to encourage said behavior. This was shown when
Operant conditioning is “learning resulting from the response an organism receives following a behavior” (Burger, 2014). An example that I see of this is when I see children throwing tantrums in a grocery store because they did not get what they wanted. The parents give the child what it wants, and the child is no longer throwing a tantrum. The example of the child is showing a negative reinforcement. The negative reinforcement is taking away something troublesome because of the behavior that is acceptable (Burger, 2014). Another example that I have witnessed beforehand was when a child misbehaves in class, the teacher gives the child a timeout. This type of punishment is positive. Positive punishment is used to decrease a behavior and is showing
Operant conditioning comes with four types of consequences: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. Positive and negative reinforcement has shown to increase associated behaviors while positive and negative punishment has shown to decrease associated behaviors. For example, positive reinforcement could be giving an autistic child candy when they are taught new things. Negative reinforcement could be placing a rat in a box to try and teach it to press the bar to release food but instead sends an electric shock. As for positive punishment, we could use the same rat and after repeated shocks he understand that when he presses the bar he will get shocked. For negative punishment, if the rat continues to press the bar his food will disappear. Non-associative learning changes the size of responses to a single stimulus rather than form a connection between stimuli. Non-associative learning is split into two subcategories: habituation and sensitization. Habituation lessens our reactions to repeated experiences while sensitization enlarges our reactions to a range of stimuli following exposure to one strong
In chapter six in the General Psychology course, we learned about “Learning”. We learned the types of conditions that help people learn. One of the conditions is “Operant Conditioning” where learning is controlled by the organism’s behavior. During the lecture one thing that stood out to me was that in the operant condition, there is a term called positive punishment which is used to decrease bad behavior. It is used usually by parents to discipline their children when they misbehave in order to break that bad habit.
Mr. Higginbotham uses the idea of operant conditioning and continuous reinforcement throughout his classroom. Operant conditioning is the behavior in which voluntary behavior are strengthened or weakened by consequences, while continuous reinforcement deals with giving a reinforcer after every response. These reinforcers can be either positive or negative, strengthening or weakening the behavior that occurred. Positive reinforcements are there to increase the opportunity of a specific behavior reoccurring and negative reinforcement is strengthening behavior that results in a negative action. (Woolfolk, 2014, pgs. 277-278). An example in Mr. Higginbotham’s class of positive reinforcement would be during the point in time when he decides to announce that his progress checks can each be earned towards bonus points on their project and once ten complete progress checks have occurred the children can also receive a homework pass. Another positive reinforcement is the three highest scoring students will receive twenty-five dollars to their class trip fund for their senior year. A negative reinforcement is demonstrated in Mr. Higginbotham’s class when Susan shows disrespectful behavior and earns four detentions. These four detentions equal a day of indoor, in-school suspension. So even when students do not want to do their homework the progress report check will help the students work towards that one homework pass. Both positive and negative reinforcement as continuous
There are two forms of reinforcement: positive and negative reinforcement. When an event occurs producing a positive effect, it is considered positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement involves the removal of a stimulus increasing the likelihood of a positive effect. An example of this would be to take two aspirins to remove the pain from a headache.
Effective contingencies that function as punishers have some basic principles that distinguish them from other ineffective contingencies. Punishment is a response or a contingency that suppresses the future occurrence of a similar response. It is a consequence that causes pain or discomfort and teaches an individual not to repeat what caused the punishment. In the third section of Punishment on trial, Ennio Cipani summarizes six basic principles of effective punishment. These principles are:
A researcher named Burrhus Frederic Skinner thought he would develop the idea of operant conditioning. He suggested than we act in regard to consequences (reward or punishment) in which we actively learn. He suggested there are 3 types of these consequences of behavior; positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment. Positive reinforcement is receiving a reward for acting in a certain way. An example of this could be getting a school prize for performing well in your exams, because of the reinforcement of the prize, the student will try to perform well every time. Negative reinforcement occurs when we act in a way that avoids an unpleasant consequence (e.g. not being late to a meeting because you do not want to be perceived as rude). Punishment is an unpleasant consequence that comes from the way we act. For example, gaining a detention for arriving late to lessons. Punishment decreases like probability that behaviour is likely to be repeated. Whereas, in positive and negative reinforcement the chances are you will repeat the behaviour. Skinner’s conducted research in the form of a lab experiment. He used a hungry rat that was placed in a cage that had been especially developed for the purpose of the study and was named Skinner’s box. In the cage was a button and a food dispenser. When the rat pressed the button food would appear in the dispenser. The animal soon learned that
The theories and methods of punishment are reinforced by sometimes contradictory
Skinner 's theory of operant conditioning was based on the work of Thorndike that he reviewed (1948). Edward Thorndike studied learning in animals using a puzzle box to propose the theory known as the 'Law of Effect ', responses that produce a satisfying effect in a situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation. Skinner introduced a new term to Thorndike’s theory known as reinforcement (Skinner, 1948). Reinforcement is a stimulus (as a reward or the removal of an electric shock) that increases the probability of a desired response in operant conditioning by being applied or affected following the desired response. Skinner branched off Thorndike’s approach studied operant conditioning by experimenting on animals using conditioning chambers also known as a Skinner box and in 1948
In the field of child development, many psychologists, sociologists, and behaviorists contributed and came up with different theories that helped to form our current education system. One of those is B.F. Skinner’s theory of behaviorism, which had a great impact on many strategies we use today for teaching and training. In his theory, operant conditioning is the most famous and influential idea that helped people to understand the behaviors of children and even adults. Skinner focused on how the environments, in the form of reinforcement and punishments, influence behaviors. Thus, his theory cannot explain the higher cognitive functions such as problem solving and critical thinking. Despite his theory’s critiques, Skinner stood strong on his ideas and theories.
Classical Conditioning 11695795 Oklahoma State University Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a way of learning in which something that did not previously have a particular response now has one due to exposure to another thing. Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov, discovered the phenomenon of classical conditioning while researching the digestive patterns of dogs. Pavlov would place some meat powder in the dogs’ mouths to measure their bodies’ reactions. Before the dogs were given the meat powder, a bell would ring. They repeated this several times, and “Eventually, conditioning occurs in that the dog salivates just to the bell alone” (Clark, 1998).
The introduction of classical conditioning occurred in the early twentieth century when Ivan Pavlov performed his famous dog-salivation experiment. Everyone at the time was aware that a dog would salivate at the sight or smell of a juicy treat and that it would shudder and recoil in disgust at a food it dislikes. Utilizing this known concept, Pavlov accompanied the delicious taste of meat powder with the ringing of the bell whenever the dog ate its treat. The trial was repeated numerous times until the dog would salivate to the ringing of the bell alone (Morgan). Pavlov’s discovery of conditioning has served as the basis for many debated and criticized physiological experiments that progressed the medical industry. Through the industry’s
Operant Conditioning Theory by B.F. Skinner is a psychological manipulation using rewards and punishments to enforce positive behavior. It uses an individual person’s response to events or stimulus. When a particular Stimulus-Response pattern is rewarded, the individual is conditioned to respond. The distinctive characteristic of operant conditioning is related to previous forms of behaviorism. The Operant Conditioning theory comprises of neutral operants, positive/negative reinforcers, and positive/negative punishers. Through these factors, we get the desired behavior of our subject because they do not want to be punished for under performing so they do what they’re told to or do more of what they were assigned to to receive positive stimulus
Operant conditioning developed by Skinner is one of the learning methods according to which the likelihood of behavior is increased or decreased by the use of reinforcement or punishment. In case of positive reinforcement a certain behavior becomes stronger by the effect of experiencing some positive condition. In case of negative reinforcement a certain behavior becomes stronger by the outcome of stopping or staying away from some negative condition. In case of extinction a certain behavior is becomes weaker by the outcome of avoiding to experiencing some positive condition or stopping some negative condition.