Skull Or Cranium

Imagine a football player is tackled and hits the back of his head. As a result, his brain has hit the back of the cranium, then the front.

Remove the skin from the skull and back and cut open the bone to expose the central nervous system

The nasal septum divides the medially into the right and left portion. The nasal septum separates the cranial cavity by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and by the oral cavity by the hand palate. Passageways called the superior, middle and inferior meatuses are the nasal conchae or turbinate bone that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity on each side. Nasal conchae support the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavity that help increase the surface area. The upper posterior portion of the nasal cavity is slit like and lines and contains the factory receptors that give use the sense of smell. The rest of the cavity conducts air to and from the nasopharynx.

s Flat bones Irregular bone Sesamoid bones Anatomy of a Long Bone Epiphyses Metaphyses Epiphyseal growth plate Epiphyseal growth line Diaphysis Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum Articular cartilage Microscopic Anatomy Compact bone Osteons Spongy bone Trabeculae Bone Formation Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification Cells in Bone Osteogenic cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Hormonal Control of Bone Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone Osteology of the Axial Skeleton Frontal Parietal Temporal Zygomatic arch Mastoid process Occipital Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Sphenoid Sella turcica Greater wing Lesser wing Ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli Nasal Maxilla Alveolar process Palatine process Zygomatic Zygomatic arch Lacrimal Palatine Inferior nasal conchae

The axial skeleton is part of the skeleton that has bones from the head and the trunk which are found in the vertebrate, it forms the main axis or core of your skeletal system. It has 80 bones and is split into eight parts; the skull bones, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone, the rib cage, sternum and the vertebral column. Ity kepps the heart and the lungs safe from any damge that the body might experience. It is also the portion of

Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the 4 cranial nerves that are used for vision and eye movement based on their functions by performing several tests. With that being said, there are 12 cranial nerves in the body. The first cranial nerve is known as Olfactory Nerve I. This nerve is used for smell.

The beginning of this chapter starts with Neil Shubin dissecting a human skull and examining the essential nerves that are a part of the head. To examine these nerves Shubin had to cut apart a skull to look inside. As Shubin continues he describes 3 separate components to a skull, the plates, the blocks, and the rods. The structures he calls plates can be found on the top of the skull, and they protect the brain. In infants, these plates aren’t connected, and are separate pieces with spaces in between called fontanelles. As an infant grows the plates start to merge and fit together similar to jigsaw pieces in a puzzle. By the age of 2, infants plates should be completely fused together as a single piece. The next part of the skull that Shubin

• Examine the outer surface of the brain and locate the dura matter (the outer toughest layer of the brain). • Remove the dura matter. • Place the brain on dissecting tray and position its ventral surface upward. Identify olfactory nerve, optic nerves, optic chiasm, pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord. • Position the brain with its ventral surface down and identify cerebral hemispheres, cerebral lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital), cerebellum, longitudinal fissure, and transverse fissure.

Cranium is defined by Webster as the skull, specifically that part of the skull which encloses the brain however the logo used by the game Cranium depicts the soft brain tissue.

The skull protects the brain, the rib cage protects the heart and lungs, and the vertebrae protect the spinal cord.

Chordomas of the skull base represent significant challenges due to their midline position and their ability to engulf critical neurovascular structures located around them. In addition to these location issues, their biology represents significant challenges, as notocordal rests located throughout the clivus, often remote from the visible lesion, have the propensity to grow and recur. Both of these features are critical for the skull base surgeon, the former in determining the surgical approach and trajectory and the latter in deciding on the surgical goals and intentions of treatment. For more than a decade, lateral and paramedian approaches have been traditionally the mainstay for surgical access and have provided valuable corridors. These have included transbasal (12), trans-septal trans-sphenoidal (13), transmaxillary (14), facial translocation, (15), transoral with or without mandible split (16), transcervical-transclival, and anterior cervical approaches. These anterior and lateral approaches toward a centrally located chordoma carry the potential morbidity of manipulating neurovascular structures in the way to lesion. The cited data report gross total resection rates that vary widely, ranging from 44 to 83%. The corresponding neurological morbidity rates are equally variable, ranging from 0 to 80%, and vascular injuries are reported at 9 to 12%. CSF leak rates are reported to range from 8.3 to 30% (17-19).

Cranial nerves originate from the brain and provide information from the brain to parts of the body. Cranial nerves provide input to both sides of the body. The 12 cranial nerves are as follows:

The bones in the skull support the structure of the face as well as protecting the brain. The skull is made up of 22 bones, which are split into two categories: the facial bones and the cranial bones. The cranial cavity is made up of 8 cranial bones, which surround the brain (providing protection) and acts as an anchor in which the muscles of the head and neck can attach to. The eight bones that make up the cranial are the frontal bone, 2 temporal bones, 2 parietal bones, the occipital bone, the ethmoid bone and the sphenoid bone. The face is made up of 14 facial bones, which provides cavities for the sense organs (nose, eyes and mouth) and it also protects the entrances to the respiratory tracts and digestive system as well as acting as an

Four lobes make up the cerebrum, these are the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal. The frontal

There are a few body cavities that makeup and help separate, protect, and support internal organs. These vital organs provide essential function to sustain life. Without them, death could be the result. The first cavity is the dorsal body cavity and it is known for having two other cavities known as the cranial and the vertebral cavities. The cavity known as the cranial cavity, is formed by cranial bone. The organ that it holds, which is very complex and important in my opinion, is the brain. The brain is very important because it is the controller of the body. Daily functions such as thinking, digesting, storing information couldn’t be done without the help of the brain. The cranial cavity is superior to the next cavity which is the vertebral