Slavery in Ancient Rome

Roman slavery must be approached as a social institution in which the economic aspect, though important, was subsidiary, in order to appreciate the vast degree of significance which Romans themselves attributed to the presence of slavery among them, as well as its distinct cultural impact (Bradley 1998, p.18). The large presence of slaves and renewable population of skilled freedmen allowed the Roman Empire to achieve the economic and infrastructural achievements for which they are remembered, the degree of their contributions rendering Roman Italy, a ‘slave society.’ It has been estimated that, during the reign of Augustus, the servile population of Italy could have been as high as thirty-five percent (1998, pp.12-13). This high reliance on and large population of slaves was reflected throughout the empire, rendering society one in which the status of individuals - free, freedman or slave, was exceedingly salient and consequential. The strict societal hierarchy of the Roman Empire was built upon and directly contributed to the deep social divides between classes which defined social experience in the Roman Empire. Manumission, increased presence of freedmen and substantial base of slave population factored strongly into the increased significance levied upon social status, division between social groups and definition of position in society.

Slavery can be dated back to very early civilizations and were crucial in everyday activities, also to the economy. Some of these ancient civilizations include the India, Mesopotamian and Chinese and these had slaves work in their homes or their shops. Another early civilization who used slaves were the Egyptian who used the slaves to build their monuments, castles, palaces and statues. Hebrews also used slaves but were a little more moral on how they were identified. The Aztec, Inca and Mayan used slaves in many forms and most of these slaves were optained through war prisoners and were used in agriculture and warfare.

The Roman Empire was a slave owning society, one fourth of their population was made up of slaves. The Romans accrued slaves through piracy, trade, and warfare. Accounting for most of the labor force, slaves performed household tasks, and the grueling and tiresome work of mining and farming. Slavery in Rome was a way for them to assimilate new people into their society. Individuals could be released from slavery by either being bought out or after paying their debt to their owner (Ivanovitch, 1957: 26).

Slavery was a cruel and devastating trade that ravished through the world during the Antebellum Era. For both men and women slavery destroyed their entire lives. They both were ripped form their birthplaces and families and forced to endure exhausting physical tasks day in and day out. Along with the taxing physical responsibilities, slaves men and female were deprived of basic human rights and were subject to physical and psychological humiliation. Slaves in the Antebellum South were beaten, starved, and degraded regardless of their sex and were not seen as people but objects to hold and purchase. However, as slavery progressed gender roles became to form clear gender roles and separation of the sexes. The experience of slavery was gender separated through the work the slaves were assigned, the treatment of their masters, and how their gender affected their value and their sale as property.

When you hear the word slavery, the image of the horrendous deed that was the American enslavement of Africans most likely comes to mind. But, slavery goes much further back than the early 1800’s of agricultural America. The ancient Romans had slaves,but it differed fromAmerican enslavement. It can be a common idea that American slavery and Roman slavery werealmost the exact same, but that is not the case (Fragments). By comparing the two types of slavery,the ideacan bepresentedthat the two may have had similar ideas and goals,butthey were not the same thing.In ancient Rome, slaves were acquired through trade and slave markets and were often prisoners of war and piracy orthe children of men and women who were slaves themselves (Cartwrightand

Ancient Roman women were not given the same privileges as Islamic women. Women in ancient Rome were not allowed to hold office, supervise their own finances, or go out of the house

Women slaves endured far worse punishment and cruelty than men ever did. Lets begin with women’s duties. Their duties consisted of two parts. The first part was that of being a household servant. They did the cleaning, cooking, cared for the white children of their Mistress and Master, and other household duties. Secondly, slave women had to not only maintain the household, at times, they were also expected to work in the fields and slave like the men on the plantations. Things like picking cotton, cleaning outside, feeding animals, and hoeing the grounds for planting crops. Slave men were never made to perform women duties.

Throughout history, the value and expectations of women have constantly changed. The Roman empire, which began during the first century B.C.E., possessed a patriarchal framework of society that created many expectations for the women of Rome by men. Roman men dictated the expectations of women’s behavior. During the course of the Roman empire, the behavior of women was catered towards the interests of men due to the intense expectations that were pressed upon women by men.

By the end, of the Republic this concept of only male slaves completely change and sex ratio became more equal. In the ancient Roman economy slave men were needed for agriculture, but women were less valuable since few could equal labor of male slaves. Under the peaceful condition of the Principate, warfare subside and incoming slave population diminish, owners were force to turn to female slaves and natural reproduction to maintain slavery in Rome. The Frisii capture Numidians and Thracians and turn over women and children into slavery when they were unable to pay Roman taxes. Under the Republic enslave female and male prisoners of war were both send to the urban and rural area of the empire. Roman generals did not always enslave defeated

Slaves were not usually treated with respect in the households they worked in, most of the time, slaves were treated horribly. They would be raped, beaten, teased, whipped, and were victims of many cruel and unusual punishments that are unimaginable to the human race present day. Family was the most important thing to the African culture. Brothers tried their hardest to look over their younger sisters as best as possible. Old women and men with no family members to turn to, looked to the comfort of nieces, nephews, and cousins when they fell ill, and aunts and uncles played a primary part in the family as well. Men were not the only ones that were forced to take part in daily labor and routines but also women and children. Some slaves were assigned outside work in which they would tend the crops and more commonly known work the plantations on their masters estate. Women were more commonly assigned to kitchen work such as cleaning the houses, washing clothes, cooking meals, working as servants, and tending to the masters each and every need. Most women who worked in the houses were brutally raped by their masters whether or not they were married to a man or not. Although most women worked in a home setting, there were some women who did work outside with the men and children. Work was difficult on the slaves and their masters were not empathetic towards them in

Despite harsh stereotypes of the institution of slavery there were not overwhelming reports of harsh conditions for slaves during the time of the Republic. Eventually, the Roman slaves were treated as members of the family unit in the earlier days of slavery. Their punishments were mild, and they were given holidays from their regular duties on certain occasions and festivals.

Slavery, a word described as the state of one bound in servitude as the property of a household. This description, along with sadness and disbelief gets brought into peoples’ minds as the chilling sensation of the explanations begins to be sought out. The New Testament brings us many different views on how we percept our personal beliefs upon Slavery, and different problems arising as aspects on this topic are perceived by Paul the Apostle in Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon.

The physical cruelty portrayed to the Roman slaves also supports how they were treated as things, and not human beings. The beating and cruelty involved in slavery comes to no surprise when mentioning Ancient Rome. Slaves were of course punished for critical mistakes, but they were also punished to the highest degree for minor mistakes. For example, in a passage by Martial it says, “You say, Rufus, that your rabbit has not been cooked well, and you call for a whip. You prefer to cut up your cook, rather than your rabbit” . Here, a slave is whipped fiercely, simply because the rabbit was not cooked well enough. With this in mind, it is evident that slaves were mistreated even due to the slightest mistakes. Next, it is hard to believe that some slave owners performed methods of punishing their slaves in this matter. Pliny the Elder describes Vedius Pollio’s actions as, “He used to toss slaves sentenced to death into ponds of

The owners could do with the slaves what they wished, be it sexual favors or they could beat them at will. Beating a slave though was not usually the best thing that an owner of slaves could do because they didn't want to damage their property. To get a slave to work hard wasn't that difficult most of the time, all the owner had to do was refrain from beating and instead be nice to them. In Rome some slaves were offered freedom if they met certain criteria of the owner. After earning their freedom they were given citizenship in the city. This gave the slaves a reason to work hard, something to look forward to.

Comparable to some degree with the struggle of the early civilizations (i.e. Greek and Roman slavery) to break out their condition of being slaves, the classic animated movie "A Bug 's Life" depicted in a similar way, but in different causes to bring the system down. In the mentioned movie, various societal form and structures of interest are exposed in this paper.