Sleep Duration Versus Sleep Insufficiency as Predictors of Cardiometabolic Health Outcomes

Obesity remains an extremely serious issue worldwide. Once considered a problem for wealthier counties, overweight and obesity are now dramatically increasing in low and middle income countries (WHO, 2011). In American, the rates of obesity continue to soar. CDC (2009) recognizes obesity as a risk factor for diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and other health problems. According to NHANES over two-thirds of the US are overweight or obese, and over one-third are obese (CDC, 2009). Treatment for this illness varies; it may include the incorporation of diet, exercise, behavior modification, medication, and surgery. Since there is no single cause of all overweight and obesity, there is no single way to prevent or treat overweight

This topic of obesity has been a rising issue for many years. There are many different reasons and predictions as to why the number for this disease is rising in America. Recent epidemiologic studies of diet and health outcomes including obesity have changed the focus to the overall diet quality and dietary pattern instead of single nutrients, such as dietary fat (Hu et al, 2000; Fung et al, 2001a, 2001b). The process starts with the lack of physical exercise and the food that people eat. As Americans, we need to picture more healthier foods to eat, have more physical activity to help food digest easier and faster. According to Campbell “to date, interventions have focused on improving the more amenable determinants of obesity: physical inactivity

The reasons for the rise of obesity in Americans today are the poor nutritional choices and the lack of physical activity in their everyday life. In this day in age, our generation is built around convenience. We are all after a quick fix, and that includes a drive-thru window at the local fast food restaurant on our way to and from work. Other causes of this health issue can be traced to a number of other factors including specific genetic traits that may convey metabolic predisposition, behavioral factors, and environmental circumstances. (Hindle, 2012) All of these shortcuts and contributing factors come at a cost. They have a long-term effect on your health.

While many of the health risks that besiege Americans are fought by creating a vaccination or an antibiotic that can be administered to all who are infected, one of the greatest health risks facing America’s nation today is sadly an epidemic, not just of a physical nature but often times also with behavioral origins, and whose eradication has been one of the most difficult our nation faces. Obesity in the United States has increased with alarming rates over the last few decades, which has impacted our nation on several levels, including the financial burden from the continuing rise in healthcare costs and the diminishing quality of life – as well as the diminishing quantity of life – that many Americans face as obesity is comorbidly linked to a number of debilitating health conditions. According to data obtained from the website for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the CDC and other federal and state agencies have labored diligently on several fronts to reduce our country’s obesity problem, and the latest statistics indicate that certain populations are benefitting from their campaigns.

Obesity is becoming an epidemic all around the nation and is now officially considered a disease. The purpose of this study is to prove that obesity is a preventable factor among Americans and obesity should be considered the cause to a vast amount of different diseases, but not a disease by itself. This topic is significantly vital to the American society because obesity can decrease life expectancy and increase the number of deaths rates that occur in the United States.

The article spoke about how obesity and sleep are related by the fact that they influence each other for the worse in situations like sleep apnea and acid reflux. Sleep apnea (the cease of breathing while asleep) is related with people who are overweight, since weight gain leads to worse breathing function when a person’s neck area increases from weight gain. The problems of weight gain and sleep apnea make it difficult to help yourself since they affect and help each other to harm you when you’re not getting enough sleep. Since if you don’t get enough sleep you are more likely to be tired and less focussed, so you won’t be likely to get enough exercise or eat healthy, which will only worsen obesity. If the obesity is worsened then sleep apnea is more likely to affect a person, further disrupting someone’s sleep. Also, lack of sleep can lead to obesity as shown by a study done on healthy people who were deprived of sleep, most of them had some signs of obesity by the end of the study. Furthermore, it has been shown that lack of sleep increases appetite, due to a rise in chemicals in the body which control appetite if you don’t get enough sleep. These points show that there is a clear relation between sleep and obesity. This article applies to me as a student because, as a student I’m still growing, so my sleeping patterns can easily have an adverse effect on me, such as obesity and illness. As an adult, sleep is still important as it also affects health, but being knowledgeable about sleep can be useful if you have children. Furthermore in my middle age and elderly years, sleep might not be as important to my growth, but still sleep will have an affect on my stress levels and such, so by understanding how sleep is important, I can better take care of myself in the future when I’m weaker and older. So altogether this article gives me

According to Myers and DeWall, “studies in Europe, Japan, and the United States show that children and adults who suffer from sleep loss are more vulnerable to obesity. With sleep deprivation, the levels of leptin (which reports body fat to the brain) fall, and ghrelin (the appetite-stimulating stomach hormone) rise” (Keith, 2006 as cited by Myers and DeWall, 2015). It is important that we regulate our sleep so that we can get the most sleep possible, because it is important for maintaining body weight and hunger hormones. According to Myers and DeWall, the

The United States of America (USA) is a country that is credited for some of the greatest medical advancements in history. However, despite all of these advances, there are still plenty of things that need to change in the USA. This is especially true when it comes to stopping the rise of the obesity epidemic. Obesity is the medical condition that describes when a person's Body Mass Index (BMI) is higher to or equal to the set BMI used to indicate obesity. The increase in the rate of obesity in the USA is a result of the poor dietary habits, and the inactive lifestyles of the American population. .

Obesity, the condition of being severely overweight, is a serious issue in the United States that is gradually beginning to affect more and more citizens. In recent years, the number of Americans suffering from this chronic disease has significantly increased. Researchers have found that nearly one third of the U.S. population is considered overweight and, on average, three hundred thousand individuals die yearly as a result of obesity (Hollands et al. 2). When one participates in little to no physical activity and their diet consists mostly of high fat foods, chances are they will gain weight. If someone becomes obese, they may develop serious health related issues that, in some cases,

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. It is currently plaguing both adults and children in the United States. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports that

Obesity, a health condition commonly characterized by the excessive accumulation and retention of fat in the body, is found in more than twenty-eight percent of adults. This statistic found in 2015 is a new high for obesity rates with a two and a half percentage increase since 2008. This represents an increase of about six million American adults. With the addition of about seventeen percent of children and teens aged two to nineteen years old also being affected by this health condition, about a total of seventy-eight million US citizens are at risk for an array of health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, or even cancer because of obesity. The causes of obesity vary. One definitely directly develops obesity through their own

Recent trends show that people are getting diagnosed with type II diabetes earlier. The rate of type II diabetes in the U.S.A increased by 217% in the 0-44 year old age group between 1990 and 2009 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Several factors increase the risk of developing type II diabetes, including diet, exercise, genetics, and sleep. Less knowingly, prolonged lack of sleep severely damages humans’ health. Sleep and one’s circadian rhythm contribute to maintaining blood glucose homeostasis (ACAM). Through this experiment, we will study the effect of various amounts of sleep on hemoglobin A1c levels among children and teens. Hemoglobin A1c levels are strong predictors of blood sugar control. The hemoglobin A1c level measures the amount of glycated hemoglobin in the blood (AACC). The more glucose in the blood, the higher the hemoglobin A1c level. We hope to use the data from this experiment to find a possible connection between amount of sleep and increased blood glucose levels, while controlling for behavioral changes such as eating habits and exercise times. Previous studies show that extended amounts of less sleep in middle-aged and older adults can increase hemoglobin A1c levels and that can increase risk of type II diabetes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). If our findings are significant, we hope to stimulate further research in this area. This topic was chosen because if sleep does in fact have a connection to

Obesity Problem Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Almost one-third of the US population is currently obese with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30, and close to 5 percent is morbidly obese with a BMI greater than 40 (see Obesity in America). Obesity not only increases the risks of many health problems, including hypertension, respiratory disease, orthopedic disorders, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia, but also has adverse social and economic consequences. Current approaches to weight control are in general not very successful and results vary greatly between individuals. This is mostly due to the fact that obesity is a complex, multifaceted issue which requires an integrated and comprehensive solution.

Sleep is an essential part of any person’s health, however few people seem to realize that not receiving enough sleep can double the risk of becoming obese.“The ‘epidemic’ of obesity is paralleled by a ‘silent epidemic’ of reduced sleep duration with short sleep duration linked to the increased risk of obesity both in adults and in children”(Professor Cappuio). Someone who has developed a sleeping disorder such as, sleep apnea, may not have the motivation to diet or exercise, due to daytime sleepiness. Scientists at the University of Chicago conucted a study in 1999, which restricted eleven healthy young adults to four hours of sleep for six nights. The scientist discovered that restricting individuals to this amount of sleep impaired metabolism functions and disrupted hormone levels. It was also found that the subject’s abilities to process glucose in the blood had declined, in some cases to the level of diabities. ” Not only does obesity contribute to sleep problems such as sleep apnea, but sleep problems can also contribute to obesity.”(National Sleep Foundation)

Obesity is on the rise and is reaching epidemic proportion. About 70 million Americans are obese-more than 1 in 3 of all adults and 1 in 5 children.[3] The 1999-2000 combined prevalence of overweight (Body mass Index [BMI] 25-29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI>=30 kg/m2) was 64.5%, of which 30.5% were obese.(Flegal, Carroll et al. 2002) Since 1980 obesity rates for adults have doubled and