Small Cell Lung Cancer Survival

What are lung cancers? Lung cancers are the abnormal cells which grow in uncontrolled manner in one or both lungs. They do not function as normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung tissue. The abnormal cells can grow, form tumours and interfere with the normal functions of the lung (Lungcancer.org, 2015). Lung cancers can be divided into two major types, namely non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC can be further classified into three main subtypes, namely adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma and large-cell carcinoma (Longo & Harrison, 2012). Lung cancers can be diagnosed by chest X-ray, computerised tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography-computerised tomography (PET-CT) scan, bronchoscopy and biopsy (Nhs.uk, 2015). Unfortunately, lung cancers are often diagnosed at the later stages. This is due to the unrecognisable symptoms and warning signs at the earlier stages. NSCLC are often diagnosed at stage IV which accounts for 30-40% of cases whereas 60% of SCLC is diagnosed at stage IV. Lung cancer usually originates from the cells lining the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Carcinogens especially tobacco smoke will alter the gene expression of the normal human lung cells, resulting in cell mutation. The proto-oncogenes will be converted to mutated form, oncogenes. Mutation leads to the decreased expression of the tumour suppressor genes. This results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, cell

Cancer, it can affect anyone; it can affect any part of the body but what is it? Cancer results from the abnormality in the body's cells. This occurs when the cells divided and grow. Disruption in the system of the growth and division of a cell results in an uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells that form a mass which leads to cancer. The patient outcome for cancer is different for everyone, but it is also different with each type. In the respiratory department, a major type of cancer we will deal with is lung cancer. Lung cancer, however, has different types and stages, but for this paper, we are going to talk about Stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the article titled “Stage IIIA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer” it states

Smoking can bring about lung infection by harming your airways routes and the little air sacs (alveoli) found in your lungs. Smoking can bring about lethal infections, for example, pneumonia, lung growth and emphysema. Additionally smoking causes 83% of deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and smoking causes 84% of deaths from lung cancer (NHS , 2017) . However, there is a considerable measure of terrible illnesses connected to smoking cigarettes. Illnesses like throat malignancy, mouth tumour, bladder growth, lung growth, constant bronchitis, emphysema, and coronary illness are altogether brought about by smoking. Also smoking is addictive. Nicotine is the addictive substance

and development, thus preventing disease, illness, injury and disability Royal College of Nursing (RCN, 2008).This assignment looks into the basic understanding of how the nurse may promote the wellbeing of the patient, how health policies influence care delivery to process evidence based practice which underpins nursing and patient care. By using the experience of my placement I can develop an awareness of holistic care. I recently admitted a patient with non-small cell lung cancer for pain management. For reasons of confidentiality, I have called the 69 year old patient "Mrs. John". The Nursing and Midwifery

It is wise, however, to have a doctor monitor the tumor over at least a two-years period in order to note any changes that might indicate the presence of cancer. Also, a biopsy or surgical removal of a tumor may be needed when the patient is a smoker, the patient has difficulty breathing, or other troubling symptoms, tests show that the cancer could be present, and the nodule continue to grow. The malignant lung cancer is divided into non- small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, and lung carcinoid tumor. First, the non- small lung cancer is A group of lung cancers that are named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look under a microscope. The cancer cells of each type grow and spread in different ways. The three main types of non-small cell lung cancer are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common kind of lung cancer. The first type of the non- small cell cancer is squamous cell carcinoma About 25% to 30% of all lung cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. These cancers start in early versions of squamous cells, which are flat cells that line the inside of the airways in the lungs. They are often linked to a history of smoking and tend to be found in the central part of the lungs, near a main airway (bronchus). The second type is larger cell carcinoma this type accounts for about 10% to 15% of lung cancers. It can appear in any part of the lung. It tends to grow and spread quickly, which can make it harder to treat. A subtype of large cell carcinoma, known as large cell, neuroendocrine carcinoma, is a fast-growing cancer that is very similar to small cell lung cancer. The third type of non- small cell lung cancer is adenocarcinoma about 40% of lung cancers are adenocarcinomas. that begins in the cells that line the alveoli and make substances such as

Although many people have heard about lung cancer, they don't know that there are two major types of lung cancer. The types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC breaks down into three different types and approximately makes up 85-90% of the cancers that patients are diagnosed with. The first type of NSCLC is adenocarcinoma. This type of cancer is usually found in smokers however it is the most common lung cancer found in nonsmokers. This cancer typically attacks younger adults and targets women. This cancer tends to develop on the outside layers of the lungs and it can be found before it spreads throughout the body. The second type of NSCLC is squamous cell carcinoma. This cancer is linked to smoking and forms in the inner airways of

Smoking harms nearly every organ in the body, causing many diseases, and reducing the overall health of an individual (Lidia Arcavi & Neal L. Benowitz, 2004). The effects of smoking start out in the respiratory system where smoke irritates the trachea and larynx which leads to reduced lung function and breathlessness due to swelling and narrowing of the lung airways, and also leads to excess mucus in the lung passages. The excess mucus causes impairment of the lungs' clearance system leading to the build-up of poisonous substances which results in lung irritation and damage, increased risk of lung infection, symptoms such as coughing and wheezing, and permanent damage to the air sacs of the lungs (Lidia Arcavi & Neal L. Benowitz, 2004).

Non-small cell is the most common form of lung cancer. In fact 9 out of 10 cases of lung cancer are non-small cell. The other main type of lung cancer is small cell lung cancer, and together, they are the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, surpassing women’s breast cancer in 1987. In 2015, 221,200 people are expected to be diagnosed with some form of lung cancer. After a patient is diagnosed, their life expectancy drastically drops, as patients die on average within one year of being diagnosed. Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for 85% of the fatality rate.

One of America’s leading cause of death is smoking. Smoking has been around for years and doesn’t look like it’s going away anytime soon. The effects of smoking harms about every organ in the body, for example: the heart, blood vessels, lungs, eyes, mouth, reproductive organs, bones, bladder, and digestive organs. Smokers use that “it’s my body, I do what I want,” The problem with that is smoking doesn’t just affect the person doing it. It harms other people in the ways; it’s called 2nd hand smoking. People who receive second hand smoking are possible to get a disease as a person who smokes regularly. It might not be as serve but will still be not good. Most people are trying to quit but aren’t trying hard enough without motivation. Smoking is one of the most common causes of death however quitting now will decrease your chances of disease and death.

I decided to choose small cell lung cancer because I have 1st hand knowledge about small cell lung cancer and the effects it has on human lives. Many people who are diagnosed with small cell lung cancer are often diagnosed in the late stages. Small cell often spreads very quickly and is very aggressive .Many people believe that everyone who has lung cancer received lung cancer from smoking, which is often not true. Smoking does increase a person’s chance of lung cancer, but no everyone that has lung cancer got it from smoking. After researching the topic for a various amount of time, I learned that women who are nonsmokers are often diagnosed with lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer often starts in the bronchi near the center of the chest. Small cell lung cancer

Smoking is a leading cause of cancer throughout the body including: the lungs, esophagus, larynx, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, cervix, colon, and rectum, as well as acute myeloid leukemia. Smoking causes a number of diseases within your body including heart disease, stroke, aortic aneurysm, COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, diabetes, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, and also worsens asthma symptoms in adults. Smoking not only

Cellular / Molecular Basis: Lung cancer has two types; small cell and non small cell. The two types can be identified by their appearance when looked at with a microscope. It usually affects the cells that are lined along air passages in the lungs.

Smoking is one of the dangerous habits that people perform in their lives. This habit affects the health and causes several diseases, such as lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and pulmonary disease (Institute of

smoking causes one to have breathing problems because it damages the lungs and can cause lung cancer. “Smoking causes an estimated 87 to 90 percent of lung cancer cases” stated in article (“Lung disorders”). Most of the effects of smoking are actually harmful on practically every important organ in the human body. For instance, the heart, smoking puts stress on one’s heart causing blood pressure to rise. over time the stress leads to heart disease or heart attacks. “Cigarette smoking is a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis” Accord to the article (“Interaction of functional NPC1 gene Polymorphism with smoking on coronary heart disease”). Cigarettes contain lots of tar and other harmful substances, that allow it to take away from healthy tissue in the body and weaken the immune system, making it easier for one to get sick and stay sick for a long time “smoking also causes an increase in macrophages, cells of the immune system that defend the lung against invading organisms and abnormal cells”. Stated in the article (“Smoking and the immune system”). Though smoking does a lot of damage internally, the obvious signs of cigarettes causing harm to the human body, is when it effects the out-word appearance of a person. One starts to notice unflattering changes in their hair, skin and nail. According to (“Improvement in skin color achieved by smoking cessation” ). “study showed that an

Chronic disease is term used for human health state which is continual or otherwise ongoing in its effects. Lung cancer is a chronic disease mainly characterized by abandoned growth of cell in tissues of lung. It usually occur as a malignant tumor in lungs where as in benign tumors it spreads to the cell lining the air passage and often it attacks the nearby cells and tissues of the body. Primary lung cancers are carcinomas of epithelial cells. Lung cancer is categorized as non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). NSCLC accounts for 80% of lung cancers. More people expire because of lung cancer as compared to prostate and colorectal cancer. The average age of people having lung cancer is 71 yrs.