Smallpox Epidemics In Caroline Cooney's Code Orange

Anthrax is a fatal infection of the skin, respiratory system, or gastroineutinal systems. Affects most animals that are herbivores. The life cycle of anthrax starts with the animal and when the animal dies, the diseases sits on the soil while the other mammals eat the grass from that spot. Louis Pasteur developed a vaccine for his sheep to prevent them from getting anthrax which led other doctors and scientist to acknowledge

Smallpox, also know as variola virus, is extremely contagious and lethal. In modern day it has been eradicated and we no longer vaccinate the human population. Symptoms begin 12-14 days after infection; after 1-2 days spots turn into blisters and then pustules and after 8-9 days these pustules become crusted. If the person survives, large disfiguring scars remain (Merck, 2003).

In the second stage, black welts and bulges appear on the victims. These bulges vary in size and are known to be extremely painful. Diarrhea and vomiting also accompany this. The third and often most fatal stage is basically pneumonia. Today if this was to outbreak once more, the patient can be treated with antibiotics during the first two stages.

Bruce Ivins, other than his suicide when things homing on to him with the FBI, is the anthrax killer, exposing and estimated thirty thousand people to the deadly spores, killing five, leaving its illness with seventeen others. (Shactman) The problem with chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear terrorism, also know as CBRN, is that, in threats where conventional explosives are not used, chemical, biological, and radiological threats are hard to detect and prevent, and after-the-fact, are, usually, impossible, expensive, or extensive in labor and use of high-tech, cutting-edge equipment, which is complicated and needs technical expertise, to make the clean-up take very long in chemical and radiological threats, and is nearly impossible to collect evidence for examination in a laboratory in chemical and biological threats if aerosolized or in a vapor form, which dissipates into the atmosphere, environment, and plants around it (Center For Excellence in Emergency

One of the world’s most dreaded plagues for centuries, smallpox is now eradicated. Vaccination programs were pushed worldwide by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the disease was eliminated from the world. This push resulted in the last naturally occurring case in the world being almost 40 years ago. Once eradicated the once routine or mandatory vaccinations were stopped for the general public and it was deemed no longer necessary to prevent the disease. Although currently eradicated worldwide, two medical laboratory stockpiles still remain in Russia and the United States. With these stockpiles in existence the possibility of bio terrorism emerges and fear of these stockpiles getting into the wrong hands and being weaponized for

Anthrax is a very dangerous bacteria, with no cure and the results of this attack were fatal. Five people lost their lives after coming into contact with the anthrax spores, with 22 being infected and over 10,000 more deemed to be at risk of exposure (USDJ, 2010). Dr. Bruce Ivins, who committed suicide before he could be indicted, was found to be behind the attack. The lone wolf model, where a single individual acts alone without identifiable association with terrorist organizations but on their own initiative, came to the foreground (Martin,

Smallpox is a highly infectious and fatal disease caused by the Variola virus. It causes extremely painful pustules to sprout across the entire body. Spread from human to human, it has since been eradicated from the world through the efforts of the World Health Organization. However, there is a distinct possibility that it may be reintroduced through bioterrorism. Biological weapons may cause another pandemic to erupt across the world and kill millions of individuals. Through constant vigilance and careful planning, mankind can prevent this scenario.

There are three different types of plague. Here are the three plague’s are Bubonic Plague, Pneumonic Plague, and Septimic Plague. The bubonic plague is where you will get swellings on the back of your neck and it gave you very bad aching pain. The pneumonic plague would attack the respiratory system, and you would suffer, and then die. The septimic plague would attack the blood stream and would go to the heart and then you would die.

Bioterrorism can easily target citizens by poisoning food and water supplies. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration a.k.a. OSHA stated that there’s over 250 different foodborne diseases and illnesses, and are often mislabeled as food poisoning. These diseases can be potentially fatal to those inflicted. In the article “A Discussion of Findings and Their Possible Implications from a Workshop on Bioterrorism Threat Assessment and Risk Management”, Bruce Hope states that it’s possible to analyze the agricultural and food industries by making fake scenarios of potential threats. This analysis of America’s system can allow for professionals to better secure food supplies and ensure that bioterrorism is less likely of impacting the population. Defense measures can make these buildings invulnerable, or nearly so (Zilinskas, 906). Another method of defense against bioterrorism is vaccination. According to Rebecca Katz in “Public Health Preparedness: The Best Defense Against Biological Weapons” she argues that vaccination is a plausible method of defense against bioterrorism if necessary. She also states “[vaccines] are part of a preattack defense and a postattack containment” (Katz, 177). These vaccinations can aid people in case of smallpox and anthrax, both of which are viable threats to biosecurity. The article also states that while more research is necessary to improve the currently available vaccines, it’s a necessary component of preparing for bioterrorism. Katz states “In order to avoid chaos during an event, development and dissemination prior to an attack of vaccine priority and distribution plans is essential. These plans should incorporate the best methods for controlling the spread of disease, saving the most lives, and ensuring the utility of

Smallpox is a viral disease that causes pus-filled boils on the dermis. It looks similar to chickenpox, but has certain characteristic differences. Unlike chickenpox, smallpox is lethal in 30% of the cases and leaves the victim with disfiguring scars and/or blindness. Smallpox has now been eradicated through aggressive vaccination. The last case was reported in Somalia in the late 1970’s. After 2 years of worldwide surveillance, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that the disease had been eradicated.

The plague has three different forms: Bubonic, Septicemic, and Pneumonic. The signs and symptoms of the bubonic plague usually include fever, headache, chills, and weakness and one or more swollen, tender and painful lymph nodes. A flea will typically bite a human, and the bacteria will travel to the nearest lymph node where it will multiply before it spreads to other parts of the body. The signs and symptoms of the Septicemic plague also generally include fever, chills, extreme weakness, as well as abdominal pain, shock, and possibly bleeding into the skin and other organs. Just like the bubonic plague, it usually comes from the bite of a flea, or from contact with an animal that has also been infected. In the case of the Pneumonic plague, the patients will also experience fever, headache, weakness, but it will usually be accompanied by a rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, may develop a cough, chest pain, and sometimes bloody and/or watery mucous, and may cause respiratory failure, all of which can lead to shock. This is also the most serious form of the disease, and is the only one of the three forms that can be spread from person to person.

Bioterrorism is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, toxins or other harmful agents to cause illness or death in people, livestock, or crops. These agents are typically found in nature, but could be mutated or altered to increase their ability to cause disease, make them resistant to current medicines, or to increase their ability to be spread into the environment. Bacillus anthracis is one of the most popular agents to be used in a bioterrorism attack. Anthrax could be used in many forms, for example, it can be placed into letters and mailed, much like the 2001 anthrax attack, anthrax can be released into the air where the spores can be easily blown by the wind and inhaled or can be carried around on objects such as people’s clothes to which it has

Bioterrorism is directly focused on the livestock and crops, which are valuable sources of food. The agroterrorism attack in the U.S. has started an economic warfare, which can turn fatal to most Americans. Economic warfare has calculated of being damaging to the

The plague has three different forms depending on where the infection takes place. Bubonic plague is the most common form and is caused when the Y. pestis bacteria enters through the lymphatic system. In the bubonic form of the plague the lymph nodes become inflamed and painful resulting in what are called buboes. The second form of the plague is the septicemic form which occurs when the bacteria travels through the blood stream from either flea bites or direct contact with infected materials. Septicemic plague can also be a result of an untreated bubonic plague infection that has advanced and spread to the blood stream. The third form of the plague is the pneumonic plague, the least common but also the most vicious. The pneumonic plague is a direct result of an untreated bubonic infection. With the pneumonic version, infected individuals can spread the infection to others via infected aerosolized droplets. The pneumonic plague has a case-fatality ratio close to 100%, which makes it the deadliest of the three routes of infection. After the initial incubation period which can be 3-7 days, flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, body weakness, and vomiting will develop. (Plague, World Health

The three variations are Bubonic,septicemic and pneumonic. The symptoms for bubonic plague are: fever,headache,chills,weakness,and one or more swollen tender, also painful buboes. The symptoms for septicemic plague are:Fever,extreme weakness,abdominal pain,shock,possible bleeding in skin and any organs,skin may turn black most likely finger,nose,toes,than possible death.Than the symptoms for pneumonic plague are:Fever,headache,weakness, rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, sometimes bloody watery mucus. This is what happens when you get any kind of plague that is out there.this is transmitted through mechanical transformation through fleas or rats that are infected with the virus. This virus will kill you if you don't get this treated as soon as possible. The most Common is bubonic plague than can go to septicemic plague than after that it goes to pneumonic plague which is the worst one. Good news is there are only about 7 cases a year in the u.s so there is a better chance being hit by lightning than getting the