Smart Grids Technologies Can Be Put Into Four Functional Categories

On the other hand, with innovation, you are exploring a new unforeseen array. Primarily, the processes that were designed in our project to streamline its management were not in place leading to huge gaps in data flowing smoothly in multiple environments. Moreover, when consumers were not utilizing gas or electricity, their monthly invoice generation got arduous leading to incorrect statements. Additionally, the field operators wanted a mechanism to access real time meter information at remote location as well as the ability to send meter data electronically. All of these issues were to be addressed vitally to ameliorate meter reading stability and validate the quality and reliability of the

Fig. 9(a) shows the DC-link voltage across the DC-link capacitor of the PV array. The DC-link reference voltage corresponds to maximum power point of the PV array. Fig. 9(b) shows the power demand by the load, and power flows from the grid and PV system generated power. As the PV system generated power could not meet complete power demand of load, remainining power is supplied by the grid. At 1secocond the PV system switched from partially shaded condition to uniform solar insolation. Thus, at this point power supplied by the inverter and grid also varies. Fig. 10(a) shows the grid current which is fully sinusoidal. Fig. 10(b) shows the inverter output current. Fig. 11 shows the performance of system under reactive load condition. In this study, a 500VA reactive load is considered. The figure shows the complete reactive power is supplied by the inverter. Thus the power factor of the system is maintained nearly at

The 2003 northeast blackout that saw about 50 million people from the northeast US and southeast Canada lose power for about 2 days at the cost of $6 billion dollars according to JR Minkel (Minkle) and was the biggest blackout in North American history (Minkle). The disaster lead to a report that showed the blackout was caused by a combination of human error and equipment failure. To prevent issues like this in the future a “smart grid” needs to be developed that would monitor and repair itself in the event of problems. Essentially computers and applications would be the first responder when there is an equipment failure on the grid. The problem with this solution is that by placing more of the control of the power grid into the hands of computers and applications, it opens up the grid to cyber-attacks. The economic impact of a total or even partial failure of the power grid is astronomical and makes a very appealing target to those who wish to cause

The DOE was established to organize disjointed regulatory processes and create a national energy plan (Kuder et al., 2010). One of the main functions of the DOE is to monitor and report on the security of the smart grid. The primary objective of the reports are to provide data that may be

the entire application life cycle and controls all Relion protection at all voltage levels. This

This report covers the real-time system design and the different components of the SCADA Energy Management System. Specifically, this report will focus on the General Electric XA/21 SCADA system and how it all fits together and how it provides a solution to end-users and administrators. The XA/21 is a very scalable and customizable system and that will be described at great length in this report (General Electric, 2013).

According to the case study written by Jurek, Bras, Guldberg, D’Arcy, Oh, and Biller, energy costs were steadily rising and were predicted to continue this trend going into the future. At the same time, utility companies were beginning to implement Smart Grid technologies to increase the efficiency of energy distribution. One resulting program to emerge from

Wind force is still the most encouraging renewable energy in the year of 2013. The wind turbine system (WTS) began with a few tens of kilowatt power in the 1980s. Now, multi megawatt wind turbines are widely installed even up to 6–8 MW. There is a widespread use of wind turbines in the distribution networks and more and more wind power stations, acting as power plants, are connected directly to the transmission networks. As the grid penetration and power level of the wind turbines increase steadily, the wind power starts to have significant impacts to the power grid system. Therefore, more advanced generators, power electronic systems, and control solutions have to be introduced to improve the characteristics of the wind power plant and make it more suitable to be integrated into the power grid. Meanwhile, there are also some emerging technology challenges, which need to be further clarified and investigated. The global electrical energy consumption is still rising and there is a steady demand to increase the power capacity. The production, distribution and the use of the energy should be as technological efficient as possible and incentives to save energy at the end-user should be set up. The deregulation of energy has lowered the investment in larger power plants, which means the need for new electrical power sources may be very high in the near future. Two major technologies will play important roles to solve the future problems.

Energy plays an important role in human activities. The utilization of fossil fuel based energy resources has increased the impact on the global environmental issues such as CO2 emissions that contribute to global warming and a drastic climate changing. The need of exploitation of new sources such as renewable energy (RE) becomes crucial. The combination of multi-source renewable energies at the distribution stage and the proper energy management will definitely reducing the cost of operation and could deliver the best efficiency and reliability to the users.

Base layer is base for smart grid and self-healing control system and this base layer is collection of power grid and its equipment. The Support layer is collection of data and communication. Main function of this layer is to control the transmission of data and communication between different nodes. High speed, bi directional, real time transmission and communication is held by this layer. The application layer is collection of monitoring, decision-making, restoration.

We use energy automation energy in the most economical way, life and property do not risk. Energy saving to keep us under control. The fault is detected most easily by the system. Much safer and safe operation is provided.

As the world is growing, demand for energy is also considerably increasing. Now a days due to more concern on pollution free power generation sources renewable energy sources are in high demand. Wind farm is also one of the renewable energy source and its use and implementation is considerably increasing. As the wind is not constant at all the time, so generated power may vary. We can get stable power by using particular control strategies but still we need to minimize transients available in power. As well characteristics should match between generator source and load. In this

The use of IoT has already impacted the way cities operate. The term smart cities, is used to describe a city that possesses an IoT oriented infrastructure. “In a smart city, the digital technologies translate into better public services for inhabitants and better use of resources while reducing environmental impacts”. [3] For a smart city to be feasible, IoT must provide intelligence, interconnection, and instrumentation. Wi-Fi-enabled smart devices and low-cost sensors are components of the smart city and allow devices a way to communicate with the public via the internet. These devices collect real-time data, which not only improves the lives of residents, but transforms several sectors of public service as well. Transportation has been revolutionized by smart traffic management systems which gather data from an array of magnetic road sensors and hundreds of cameras. The result is less delay at major stop lights and increased travel speeds, because enabled drivers can see which lights are busy and monitor these areas for other vehicles and pedestrians. To lower traffic and driver search times for parking spots, parking sensors that detect parking-spaces for drivers are installed in major cities. Street lights use a method of energy saving known as adaptive lighting which enables them to determine their brightness setting, appropriate for a given situation. The smart city solution to conserving energy is through smart girds. A smart grid serves several energy management

The benefits of DR are improved energy security, cost-reflective tariffs and more integration of DERs, including renewable energy sources. DR is required to drive the transition from a centralised power system to a decentralised, low carbon power system. Technology, data analytics and computing enable the smart grid, opening the door for effective and automated DR. There are however some significant challenges that need to be addressed and lessons to be learnt to realise the full potential of DR.

Load Profiling in terms of power distribution is the use of machine learning algorithm to analyze the pattern of electricity demand of a consumer over a period of time which can help expose abnormal consumption behavior if there is any. Patterns in energy consumption can be recognized and used to detect these anomalous behaviors or power fraud. Although some anomalous behaviors in the consumer data may be no fault of the consumer and could be attributed to meter malfunction, billing irregularities and under or over estimation, a higher percentage of these abnormalities of power consumption data is as a results of the consumer malfeasances practices such as meter tampering, illegal connections and even bribing of meter readers (which in some cases turns out that the total amount of money spent on bribing these agents is more than the money that would have been paid for consuming the same amount of electricity legally) . Overall, the intention is to avoid being billed the right amount or evade payment of power consumed; this is what is termed as Power Fraud.