Smoking And Nicotine Addiction

Most people already know how the cigarette is going to affect them, but they still get hooked on this very dangerous piece of tobacco. Nicotine is the drug that is in all tobacco. This being said, not only are cigarettes bad, but much more. Nicotine is very powerful. So powerful; in fact, that just the miniscule 2 milligrams in one cigarette is enough to make someone want to come back for more and more. Turning them into a addict in of these cancer sticks. When the nicotine enters the body by the lungs absorbing it. Nicotine takes only about eight seconds to hit the brain. Most cigarettes have about ten milligrams of this drug but a lot of it goes out of the body through the smoke when exhaled. As soon as the drug hits the brain it starts to produce a chemical called dopamine which gives the user a feeling of pleasure. Most people are exposed to dopamine in their everyday life, because of its nature. Nicotine rapidly boosts the making of this chemical in the brain. Making the person feel exceptionally good. Since most people always want to feel good, and the cigarette gives this almost immediately the user will want more and more cigarettes. The effects of nicotine come as fast as they were off. So the usr can not just smoke one, they want to keep smoking. Making now reasonable that some people go through packs and packs a day sometimes. Just like any other drug the bodies immune system with build immunity to it. Making almost impossible to get the same feeling from the same amount of cigarettes. The tolerance against smoking builds very quickly with reportedly smoking a cigarette, but sleeping or long periods of not smoking allows the tolerance a chance to cease. Smoking makes people lose some key thing with their thinking process; such as, not being able to have clear thoughts. Once you have stopped smoking most of the cravings for nicotine cease, but cigarette cravings can

     Nicotine has many various effects on the body. In small doses nicotine can serves as a stimulant, entering the bloodstream and promoting the flow of adrenaline, a stimulating hormone. It also raises the blood pressure and reduces the appetite, and it may cause nausea and vomiting.

Functional assessment revealed that smoking behaviour was often preceded by a busy or stressful environment (antecedent) and that mood and/or anxiety levels functioned as establishing operations for smoking behaviour (smoking was often preceded by higher anxiety rating or lower mood rating). As well, the functional assessment revealed that smoking behaviour was maintained by positive sensory stimulation (the experience of a slight “buzz” when smoking) and by temporary escape/distraction from a demanding environment.

In 1988, the Ministry of Health in the United States defined the nicotine as an addictive substance. Cigarettes and other derivatives substances generate tobacco dependence. The addictive mechanisms are similar to the addiction mechanisms to drugs such as cocaine and heroin. Cigarettes are highly efficient at delivering nicotine and other addictive substances. The average smoker takes in 1 to 2 mg of nicotine per cigarette each time they inhale. Nicotine reaches the brain within 10 seconds which contributes to its great power of addiction.

As reported by Heather’s, Nicotine contains a large amount of toxic substance which can lead to several causes and effects to health. The substances in nicotine effects on the brain and its addicted. When a person smokes, the nicotine substance travels to the brain within 10 seconds and changes the function of the brain. “Blood that enters the lungs to picks up oxygen also pickup something else – the nicotine”. It also rises the blood pressure by five to ten points and heart rate by ten to twenty beats per minute. However, nicotine also performs as a sense of feeling of pleasure. Nicotine reaches to brain within a speedy rate and disperses soon conversely, its increases use of cigarettes.

As has been shown in task activation studies (Hartwell et al., 2011; Li et al., 2013a), chronic nicotine exposure leads to disordered functional connectivity in specific circuits (Sutherland et al., 2013) and large-scale networks (Weiland et al., 2015). The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is thought to be essential in the exertion of executive control over emotions of craving and limbic reward circuits associated with smoking (da Silva et al., 2013; Goldstein and Volkow, 2011). Structural MRI studies have found that smokers have decreased gray matter volume in the DLPFC (Brody et al., 2004; Gallinat et al., 2006). In fMRI studies, researchers reported that smokers had hypo-activation of the DLPFC and hyper-activation of subcortical areas as compared to both controls and former smokers (Nestor et al., 2011). Recently another study demonstrated that decreased left DLPFC and increased PCC percent BOLD signal change and increased withdrawal symptoms predicted subsequent relapse (Loughead et al., 2015). These findings suggest that a disruption of prefrontal cortex and subcortical reward circuits accompany nicotine dependence, which may lead to the

I understand the appeal of smoking as an easy, momentous fix to a person's mood because of the instant result to feel better. Stressed? Smoke a cigarette. Frustrated? Smoke a cigarette. Unhappy? Smoke a cigarette. Nicotine acts on nicotinic cholinergic receptors that triggers the release of neurotransmitters that produce rewarding psychoactive effects. Vani and Shyamaladevi explain, the functional antagonism presented in cigarette smoking is related to desensitization of nicotinic cholinergic receptors because nicotine in cigarette smoke upregulates the nicotinic cholinergic receptors to interact with the noradrenergic, cannabinoid, dopaminergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic systems and increases the levels of norepinephrine, dopamine,

Smoking rates are particularly high among patients diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a mental health condition triggered by a traumatic event (Hawkins & Cougle, 2013). Although the literature recognizes the trends in smoking rates in such patients, few researchers have examined the effects of nicotine on PTSD symptoms. This literature review focuses on the particular effects of nicotine on memory and attention that serve to increase specific symptoms of PTSD. One of the hallmark symptoms of PTSD is the presence of intrusive memories, also known as intrusions. Nicotine’s effects on memory and attention focus lead to increases in the frequency of intrusions in PTSD patients. The study of intrusive memories after traumatic events has significant clinical implications for treatment and sheds light on the development and severity of PTSD.

Once nicotine is in the blood stream it flows almost immediately to the brain. The carbon monoxide that is inhaled through the use of a cigarette reduces the amount of oxygen the blood can carry. The reduced amount of oxygen and the effects of nicotine delivered to the brain cause an imbalance of the amount of oxygen that is demanded and the amount of oxygen supplied. As a result of a reduced amount of oxygen in the blood stream the heart rate increases, because the heart has to increase the flow of blood to deliver the amount of oxygen that is required throughout the body. The body’s blood pressure also increases when nicotine is introduced into the body. Nicotine stimulates the adrenal gland which releases adrenalin and noradrenalin. The release of these hormones can have numerous effects on the body’s vascular system and cause an increase in blood pressure.

Nonetheless, there is substantial evidence supporting the agonistic effect nicotine has on both post- and presynaptic mechanisms, as well as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate/NMDA, GABA, opioid, and histaminergic systems (Kumari, et al., 2003).

Mukherjee (2003) stated that “when tobacco is smoked, nicotine enters the bloodstream through the lungs and reaches the brain faster than the drugs that enter the body directly through the veins. When it is chewed or sniffed, nicotine passes through the mucosal membranes of the mouth or nose to enter the bloodstream. Nicotine can also enter the bloodstream by passing through the skin. Nicotine reaches the brain within seven seconds. The sudden burst of nicotine causes an instant high blood pressure which is caused by the stimulation of the adrenal glands resulting in discharge of epinephrine. The release of adrenaline causes a sudden release of glucose as well as increase in blood pressure, respiration and heart rate. In addition, nicotine indirectly causes release of dopamine in the brain regions that control pressure and motivation. Nicotine is distributed throughout the body and brain where it activates specific types of receptors known as cholinergic receptors (Mukherjee,

Some of these endocrine effects are mediated by actions of nicotine on brain neurotransmitter systems. In addition, nicotine causes skeletal muscle relaxation and has cardiovascular effects.

Young teens are trying to fit in or are surrounded by the wrong crowd. They later become obsessed with it. Nicotine is a highly addictive and when it enters into the brain, it will makes your brain think it is at equilibrium. It will help you relax, reduce stress, and minimize anxiety.

Smoking is not just a bad habit, but also a complex addiction. Experts believe that nicotine exerts its powerful addictive effects by

Sometime back one of my friends who were a regular smoker claimed to feel good and motivated to do any task after he smoked. Although he later on stopping smoking he always said that smoking was the best thing that had happened in his life. I, later on, discovered that the reason behind his happy mood after taking a puff was contributed by nicotine, which triggered his brain to produce a happy feeling. Use of nicotine is said to cause several social influences. For instance, smoking plays an integral part in starting a conversation among smokers.