Smoking Cessation Articles: A Review

The Transtheoretical model, commonly called the stages of change model, was founded by Carlo Diclemente and James Prochaska who conducted a comparative analysis between people who decide to quit smoking on their own and those in programs designed to help quit smoking (Prochaska, Redding, & Evers, 2008).From this study, they discovered that there are a series of processes that a person doing a behavioral change must go through (Prochaska, Redding, & Evers, 2008). Once these processes and stages where elucidated the model was then used not just for smoking but for many other health behaviors. Its view of the process of change altered how people viewed behaviors and the individual’s role in changing behavior. This theory is very

The initial phase of the self-directed intervention consisted of baseline measurement of smoking behaviour. Baseline data was collected for a period of 7 weeks and a functional assessment was completed during this time. Upon starting the intervention phase, the final target behaviour of smoking cessation was broken down into smaller, short-term objectives lasting 2 weeks each.

The smoking cessation was witnessed by the author throughout her placement. This was used on a daily basis in the community by district nurses, health visitors, but especially by the general practice nurses as being incorporated in each consultation in the form of advices, leaflets, smoking cessation programs including medication and follow-ups.

Of the roughly 42 million adults in the US that use tobacco, nearly 69% of smokers want to quit and more than 42% of those wishing to quit will make the attempt through various methods(1). These methods range from the "cold turkey" method, nicotine replacement therapy, behavioural therapy and even medicine. Each method has it's unique strengths and weaknesses as well as varying success rates. There are many reasons to quit and many ways in which to do so, either with methods that involve slowly weaning off of nicotine, like gums and patches from replacement therapy, to nicotine-free methods which require support from various sources.

Smoking cessation: The status is uncontrolled and patient is willing to try to quit smoking.

Nicotine dependence remains a significant public health concern (Rep., 2011). Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of mortality in the United States, accounting for approximately 1 out of every 5 deaths. On average, smokers die 13 to 14 years earlier than nonsmokers. Additionally the estimates for average annual smoking-attributable productivity losses are $96.8 billion and the total economic burden of smoking is approximately $193 billion per year (USDoHaH, 2000). Despite the availability of therapeutic options for smoking cessation, relapse rates remain high (Piasecki, 2006; Pollak et al., 2007). Therefore, there is a need for new, effective, strategies to assist cigarette smokers achieve abstinence.

Significant number of people has been addicted to the habit of smoking despite of knowing the fact that it is injurious to health. In the past, it was considered as the taboos and only adult group was habituated but currently, it is common among both adolescent and adult population. Cigarette smoking is habit of inhaling smoke of cigarette and releasing it. A study by Gong (2011, pp.48) reveals that the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adult of age group 45-65years is higher than adolescent age group 15-24 years with 63% and 33.6% respectively.

For most smokers, the task of quitting is extremely difficult to say the least. This is because the habit is considered physically addictive. There are two main concepts linked to the dependence of cigarette smoking. The first is the oral fixation. Often times, smokers recognize that even with nicotine alternatives, they still are mentally longing for a habit that keeps them busy or they have the urge to have something physically in their mouth. The same concept applies to when infants have to be weaned off of a pacifier. The second is nicotine. Nicotine is an addictive substance that

The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is an integrative model of behavior change that can be applied to a variety of behaviors, populations, and settings (Velicer, 1998). It describes people’s motivation and readiness to change. It was developed by J. O. Prochaska and Carlo C. DiClemente in the late 1970’s in an effort to examine smokers who were able to quit on their own versus those who required professional treatment. It is a model that focuses on the individuals own decision-making skills, which involves emotions, perceptions, and behavior. TTM proposes a set of constructs that form multivariate outcomes (Velicer). These constructs are known as the stages of change, decisional balance, processes of change, self-efficacy or temptations. However, the main construct of the model is the

In Spencer, Pagell, Hallion, & Adams (2002) qualitative analysis of all available research analyses of TTM, it was found that TTM’s application to tobacco cessation is strong and is continuously growing. It, however, was

In order to minimize these risk factors Allan is introduced to Community Partners Program that can help with financial struggle and support in finding a job. Also Indiana Tobacco Quitline (the 1-800- Quit Now) is a free telephone counseling service assist Allan to speak with a real Quit Couch or interact with a web Coach in time of need. It is knowing that quitting smoking is a process involving successes and relapses. If that happens to Allan’s case non-nicotine medication can be added to the treatment plan or additional nicotine replacement therapy (gum, lozenges) can double the chance of success. Using pharmacological approach and a more personalized counseling in which one-on- one interaction with a trained counselors can assist Allan in learning to avoid better the triggers ( like coffee or stress) and working in getting more support from family and friends. Healthy balanced diet, exercise program and stress management can be added to the plan. It is important to Allan to know that he is not alone in this journey and a different approach can be explored for the help of the healthcare provider to

Anti-smoking campaigns usually target teen and adolescent smokers because more than 80% of adult smokers begin smoking before the age of 18. Very few campaign targeted at Middle-aged smokers. It should be not forgotten that elderly peoples behavior might influence teen and adolescents’ behaviors as well as their attitudes. Among these, according to the CDC, smoking triples the risk of dying from heart disease among middle-aged men and women. Researches prove that, the diseases associated with smoking are most prevalent between 45 to 74 ages. However, those who quit smoking can substantially reduce their risk for the various smoking related negative health outcomes, especially if they quit before age 35 years (Doll, Peto, Wheatley, Gray & Sutherland,

Smoking cessation interventions require a holistic approach consisting of educational and behavioral intervention and medications. Whether by itself or in combination, an intervention has the capacity to supplement the efficacy of smoking cessation. In order to achieve the steps needed to facilitate this kind of underpinning, the employment of educational interventions coupled with the participants knowledge, disease process and motivation to decrease or quit smoking must be factored in (Patel, 2009). A teachable moment is what will be able to offered help increase the participants motivation in order to decrease the frequency of smoking or cessation, in the form of small effective and inexpensive weekly classes in a community setting (Appendix H, I), which includes teaching about their disease process, the effects of smoking on every organ in their body and the reduction in health of smokers in general (CDC, 2017).

Mr P started smoking at the age of 11 years old, where he would steal cigarettes from his parents’ sweet shop. On certain days, he would smoke up to 45 to 50 cigarettes. He was advised on numerous occasions to stop and he finally resolved to quitting cold turkey at 47 years old after suffering from a TIA. Nonetheless, Mr P is aware that his smoking habit “has done its damage now”1.

While smoking is a problem that affects millions of people in The United States, several different approaches are available to assist in breaking the habit; specifically, therapeutic approaches, when utilizing group sessions, one-on-one interaction, or self direction, do offer the ability to modify personal views, behaviors or other challenging issues to achieve predetermined results. Since each of the aforementioned options provide varying amounts of contact with trained therapists and other people, it is necessary to make a remedial selection based upon the comfortability and willingness of a person to openly talk about their dilemma with others.