Soap Is Manufactured With A Process Called Saponification

pH measures hydrogen ions in the water and indicates if the water is alkaline, base (neutral) or acidic. This level of solubility tells what nutrients are available for aquatic life. Metals tend to become more toxic at a lower pH because they are more soluble. With all these sample the Litmus paper had a green colour indication a Neutral pH level of 7. This indicates a good level for Marine life to exist in Prospect Creek.

Using soap is not needed, but if you prefer you can put a small amount of dawn in the water.

Introduction: Everyday household items can be seen as just “household items”. However, it is often not realized that we could actually determine the pH very easily. It could also be important to know the pH in everyday life. For example, it is important to keep track of human pH levels. Some people are curious to see the pH of their own body, which is a great use to keep acidic levels leveled. Another use in real life is determining the pH of pools. Whether it’s your own or a public pool, pH indicators come in hand to make sure the pool is sanitary and safe. pH indicators are indicators that contain halochromic synthetic compound which is added to a solution so that it can be

1. What was the purpose of using water as a sample in some of the tests performed in the lab? (2 points) to have a control.

pH is also known as a measure of hydrogen ions in a solution. A hydrogen ion is the nucleus of a hydrogen atom being split from its electron. Studying the pH of different types of soil being placed in a control group such as tap water will represent the acidity or alkalinity of the matter. The pH scale begins at 0 and goes all the way up to 14, pH 7 being its neutral point, which isn’t acidic or basic. A neutral point on the acidic scale is in the middle, anything lower than the neutral point (7), is acidic, and anything higher than the neutral point is considered basic or “alkaline”.

To improve the results from the experiment buffer solutions that were not whole pHs could have been used e.g. pH 4.5, 5.5 etc. This would have provided more reliable results as a wider range of results would have been produced. Using pHs with decimals would also help to more accurately determine the optimum pH as the optimum may have been above or below the pH stated in the hypothesis; 8. In this experiment however the optimum is taken at 8 because the graph does not rise again.

• Bellis, Mary. "The History of Soap and Detergent." About.com Inventors. About.com, 17 June 2015. Web. 14 Jan. 2016.

pH is a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration. It measures rather the solution is acid, base, or neutral.

PH is . a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution. The tests my group and I did was Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate, phosphate, and the alkalinity tests. We also tested the rocks to see if they could neutralize the rocks. Neutralize renders something in effective or harmless applying an opposite force of effect. The two rocks that we studied were limestone and sandstone.

The fatty acids are then purified by distillation and neutralized with an alkali to produce soap and water. The fats and oils used in soap-making come from animal or plant sources. The four basic soaps used in this procedure were made using olive oil, vegetable oil, vegetable shortening, and lard. Each fat or oil is made up of a distinctive mixture of several different triglycerides. In a triglyceride molecule, three fatty acid molecules are attached to one molecule of glycerin. There are many types of triglycerides; each type consists of its own particular combination of fatty acids. They are weak acids composed of two parts: A carboxylic acid group consisting of one hydrogen (H) atom, two oxygen (O) atoms, and one carbon (C) atom, plus a hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxylic acid group. Generally, it is made up of a long straight chain of carbon (C) atoms each carrying two hydrogen (H) atoms. The carboxylate end of the soap molecule is attracted to water. It is called the hydrophilic end; this end of the fatty acid chain prefers water. The hydrocarbon chain is attracted to oil and grease and is the hydrophobic end. However, when soap is presented to hard water which is water containing minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, and seldom minerals like iron. Soap produces what is known as soap scum, or residue from the

must be above 8.5 and below 6.5. If the pH is too acidic, then the

In this experiment different pH levels ranging from 3 to 11 were used to test the effects on daphnia heart rate. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH ranging from 0 to 6 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH higher than 7 ranging from 8 to 14 is basic. PH revolves around hydrogen ions (H+). The reason pH levels can be acidic, basic, or neutral is because acids give hydrogen ions away while bases accept hydrogen ions. (Decelles, 2002).

My science fair topic will be measuring the acidic levels in different companies of water bottles such as Aquafina, Dasani, Evian, Fiji, Miami Dade Tap Water, Penta, Publix Spring Water, Smart Water, Smart Water, Volvic, Voss, and Zephyrhills. Bottled water has been tested for its ppm (parts per million) to measure the amount of particles inside the water. The pH scale is a measurement of how acidic or basic an aqueous solution is. The pH scale has a range of 0-14; numbers less than 7 are considered acidic and numbers greater than 7 are considered basic. An acidic pH level means that the solution has more free hydrogen ions, and a basic pH level means that the solution has more free hydroxyl ions. pH is reported in logarithmic units and an increase or decrease of one on the pH scale has a 10-fold change. The negative logarithmic of the hydrogen ion concentration calculates the pH level of a solution. This is why pH stands for the potential of hydrogen and it calculate din

As shown in Table 3.0, it was difficult to stir and combine the shortening and the lard with the sodium hydroxide and glycerol. Though the oil-based soaps were easy to make, they did not yield as much compared to the fat-based soaps. Table 6.0 shows that Soap 3 which was shortening based and Soap 4 which was lard based produced 11.18 g and 11.22 g, respectively. This was a much greater yield than the oil based soaps. Soap 1 which used olive oil yielded 3.154 grams and soap 2 using vegetable oil yielded 1.319 grams. This was something to consider when choosing which starting material to use and depends on whether ease of synthesis or greater yield is more important. The detergent synthesis methods were very similar but method 2 took less steps and was a bit easier than method 1. Table 6.0 shows that detergent 2 had a greater yield, 5.143 grams whereas detergent 1 had a yield of about 4 grams. The lathering test showed that though soaps 3 and 4 produced the most product of the soaps, they did not create many bubbles or a good lather according to Table 7.0. The soaps/detergents that produced the most bubbles were soap 1 which used olive oil followed by detergent 1 and then soap 2

The purpose of this lab was to create soaps and detergents and test their cleaning ability. We created four different soaps and two detergents using different starting materials composed of oils and fats for the soaps and lauryl alcohol and sulfuric acid for the detergents. Soaps are created by a process called saponification, which is the formation of a salt by combing an acid and a base.1 Soap and detergent are effective cleaning agents because they have hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends.1 The hydrophobic ends interact with the dirt and oil while the hydrophilic ends interact with the water molecules effectively washing the dirt and oil away.2 While soaps and detergents are very similar in their cleaning ability, they have a major difference being that soaps are made from natural products and detergents are made from synthetic materials.3 In order to make the soaps, we used four different starting materials including lard, shortening, olive oil, and vegetable oil.