Social And Behavioral Determinants Of Health

Another U.S. study found that low availability of emotional support and low social participation were associated with all-cause mortality.

“Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander people have a greater amount of disadvantage and significantly more health problems than the non-Aboriginal & Torres strait Islander population in Australia”

There is growing research into what has become known as the social determinants of health; the central claim arising from this research is that “various social factors have a strong influence on population health and on inequalities in health outcomes across social groups”. (Preda & Voigt, 2015) Social determinants of health are conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks. Conditions such as social, economic, and physical in various environments and settings such as school, church, work, or neighborhood have been referred to as “place”. (HP 2020) According to Healthy People 2020 (2016) understanding the relationship between how population groups experience “place” and the impact of “place” on health is fundamental to the social determinants of health. Healthy People 2020 (2016) have developed an approach to social determinants by organizing a “place-based” framework, reflecting five key areas of social determinants of health. Each of these five determinant areas, economic stability, education, social and community context, health and healthcare, neighborhood and built environment; reflects a number of critical components that make up the underlying factors in the arena of social determinants of health. Differences in social, economic, and environmental circumstances lead to health inequalities that are socially produced and therefore

emphasis was on relationships to family, group and country rather than the development of an

these issues though those might be temporary. A final solution will have to be a national policy change in immigration, however, until then we could pursue some international options to aid undocumented immigrants in the United States.

Social inequities in health result from unequal distribution of social, economic, cultural and historical determinants. It is vital to identify these factors to reduce health inequalities and to improve health status of people. This essay depicts information on two social determinants of health that affect different vulnerable groups in terms of their socioeconomic position and ethnicity.

This essay will use the Johnson family. The Johnson household includes a 35 year old single mother of a 15 year old son. Mother, Yvonne, completed a bachelor degree in the marketing field. Yvonne after graduation was unable to find a marketing job locally instead she works full-time as an administrative assistant for a larger company. Yvonne is currently unsatisfied with her position as she feels overworked, over qualified, and underappreciated at her current company. Yvonne’s 15 year old son, Randall is a grade 10 athletic, who had been accepted as a starting position on the high school baseball team. In-between school and extracurricular activities, has a part-time job. Randal’s have regular contact and visits with his father and step-mother as they live in a neighbourhood nearby. The health and well-being of the Johnson family has to do with economic and social conditions known as social determinants of health (Kozier et al., 2014, p. 132-133). This paper will discuss three major social determinants of health that has affected the Johnson family which includes stress, and illness; employment and working conditions, and Health Services.

A group of fellow students and my self conducted a public health walk in the area of hackney borough. Our aim was to observe the community and how their surroundings affected their health. On 4th November 2014, we met at 10am and started our walk at St. Johns church. Prior to this day we met up to plan on our walk and how we will conduct it. While on our walk we observed how diverse and cultural the area was, we observed the people socialising in the street, the services available for these people, we also the observed the amount green space there was in the community, we observed the transport that was available to them, we also observed the amount of fast food that was in the area. While making these notes we took into account how these might affect the social determinants of health in the community. Social determinants of health is the risk factors that effect an individuals health, the World Health Organisation (WHO) define these factors as the Social gradients, Stress, Early life, Social exclusion, Work and Unemployment, Social support networks, Addiction, Availability of healthy food, Availability of healthy transportation and active travel in a community. Throughout this assignment I will look at the availability of healthy food and the individuals lifestyle and how they contribute to the social of determinants of health in the community.

Social determinants of health are social, economic and physical factors that affect the health of individuals in any given population. There are fourteen social determinants of health but Income is perhaps the most important of these because it shapes living conditions, influences health related behaviors, and determines food security. In Canada, people with lower incomes are more susceptible to disease/ conditions, higher mortality rate, decreased life expectancy and poorer perceived health than people with high incomes. In numerous Canadian studies and reports, there has been more emphasis on health being based on an individual’s characteristics, choices and behaviours, rather than the role that income plays as a social determinant of health. Although Canada has one of the highest income economies in the world and is comprised of a free health care system, many low income families are a burden on the system because of the physical and mental health issues influenced by income insecurity. Low income individuals are heavier users of health care services because they have lower levels of health and more health problems than do people with higher incomes. This essay will address income as a social determinant of health in three key sections: what is known on the issue, why the issue is important and how can health and public policies address the issue. The main theme that runs through the essay is the income related health inequalities among low income groups compared to

A communicable disease chain is the mechanism by which an infective agent or pathogen is transmitted. The chain requires an infective agent, a source of infection, a mode of transmission and a host. An example of an infective agent could be bacteria, a virus, fungus, protozoan or helminth. The source of infective agents can be transmission from host to host, an infected human or animal, insects, soil or livestock. The mode of transmission is how the infective agent is carried from host to host. Transmission can be by air, ingestion or physical contact. To complete a life cycle or to replicate, the infective agent requires a host.

In the last few years, nurses and other healthcare professionals (HCPs) are under the spotlight of the media and the public due to issues addressed in documents such as The Francis Report (2010). This is good in a sense though as it gives us the opportunity to better ourselves as HCPs and improve the standard of care for everyone. It is now a widely known idea that there are many different factors that affect our health and wellbeing not just biological factors as believed to be the case not very long ago when a biological view was taken when addressing a person's health. However, this has all changed for the better where now healthcare is individualised, holistic and takes in to account the individuals own circumstances i.e. the social determinants of health and wellbeing (social determinants), not a simple one size fits all approach. This essay is going to discuss some of these factors so that we can learn to reduce these inequalities in healthcare and make great healthcare more accessible to everyone. The factors that will be discussed are individual lifestyle choices, housing conditions and .

In the first proposition, Omran argues that the mortality is the primary factor in population dynamics. The second proposition states that a long-term shift occurs in mortality and disease patterns by which pandemics of infectious diseases are gradually shifted from degenerative and man-made diseases: making these diseases the main causes of death (Mckeown, 2009). Originally, Omran wrote the second proposition which included three transitions called, “The Age of Pestilence and Famine” (mortality rates are high with average life expectancy being low), “The Age of Receding Pandemics” (epidemics occur less often causing mortality rates to decline), and the “Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases” (NCDs replace infectious diseases and life

With the introduction of agricultural and the rise of the Industrial Revolution, living standards have been elevated, while epidemics and famine have been diminished (prb.org). Ever since the 18th century, the human race has only continued to make improvements. For example, in the medical field. The creation of vaccines, medicine, and an increased knowledge of the spread of diseases have all helped to eliminate common causes of death, leading to overpopulation. Not only is overpopulation caused by an accelerated number of births, but it is also due to a decrease in the number of deaths, with 360,000 people are being born every day and only 151,600 deaths a day

But the death rate exceeds the birth rate, which triggers the population increasing very slowly or almost stable. In this stage, birth rate becomes high due to less use of contraception and sterilization. Most of the people do survive in agriculture where the children are considered as economic assets and so people are encouraged to get many children. Similarly death rate becomes high due to diseases, natural calamities, wars, etc. Infant death rate is also found very high. Because of poor health facilities provided by the state to the people, lack of clean water and sanitation and food shortage, health of the people will be weak so that the people will depart the life in high numbers. Before 1920, China and India were at this stage (Raj, H. 2003). This stage is generally found in the countries where people depend on agriculture as a main source of surviving. At present, the countries like Nigeria, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Angola, etc. are passing through this stage (Raj, H.2003)

As countries become wealthier and make medical advancements, decline in fertility and mortality rates follow. This demographic transition—usually coupled by industrialization and economic development—is divided into four different stages. The first stage is categorized by equally high birth and death rates, producing a relatively young population. Growth is limited by drought, disease, and food supply, rather than by family planning. In the second stage, food availability and public health improves. With fewer famines coupled with better sanitation, starvation and disease become less common, reducing the death rate. As fertility rates have not changed, the population grows. Developing nations are generally found within these first two phases while developed nations fall into the later stages. In combination with availability of contraception, stage three introduces family planning and female empowerment to the equation. Increased female education, employment opportunities for women, urbanization, and rising wages results in women baring fewer children. As such, stage three sees a decline in population growth, rectifying the imbalance from the previous stage. In the last phase, stage four, birth and death rates begin to dip below the level of replacement, leading to aging populations without enough people of working age to support the elderly. Examples of these graying populations include Germany and Japan.